BANCROFT    LIBRARY 


CITY  OP  MEXICO. 


1.1.  i.'i  i    .   r.  ..    i.  X  •  .    h....l'l  V    OK    I'Kl/'HLA    I)K    I.O.3  A  N  <!  E  L  <-)  8. 


STORMING  OF  MONTEREY. 


BATTLE  OF  PALO  ALTU. 


BATTLE  OF  SIERRA  GOR»O. 


BATTLE  OF  BUEtf  A  VISTA 


[COMPLETE   HISTORY 


OF  THI: 


LATE  MEXICAN  ¥AE, 

CONTAINING  AN   AUTHENTIC   ACCOUNT 

OF 

iLL  THE  BATTLES  FOUGHT 
!N  THAT  REPUBLIC 

INCLUDING  THE 

TREATY  OF  PEACE; 

WITH  A  LIST  OF  THE  KILLED  AND  WOUNDED. 
TOGETHER  WITH 

A  BRIEF  SKETCH  OF  THE 
LIVES  OF   GENERALS   SCOTT   AND    TAYLOR, 

«^LUSTRATED  WITH  FIFTEEN  BEAUTIFUL  ENGRAVINGS. 
BY    AN    EYE-WITNESS. 

NEW  YORK, 
F.  J.  DOW  &  Co.,  139  NASSAU  ST 


1850 


E 
o 

73 


//   33  a 


SAN1 A  ANNA. 


GENERAL  SCOTT 


PREFACE. 

The  following  pages  are  designed  to  record,  i  i 
a  brief  manner,  those  facts  in  reference  to  the 
war  in  Mexico,  worthy  of  preservation.  It  com 
prehends  the  substance  ot  larger  works,  and  is  more 
convenient  for  reference.  Lists  of  killed  and 
wounded  are  given  as  fully  and  accurately  as  the 
official  and  authoritive  reports  would  admit. 

It  is  painful  to  contemplate,  and  especially  des 
cribe  the  scenes  of  the  battle  field — the  streams  of 
blood— the  groans  of  the  wounded  and  dying — toe 
hundreds  or  thousands  slain — the  gasp  of  death— the 
crushed  hopes — undying  spirits  thus  ushered  sudden 
ly  and  awfully  into  the  presence  of  their  Judge,  per 
haps  unprepared — it  is  apalling !  and  we  would  turn 
away  and  weep  for  poor,  depraved  humanity.  Still 
it  is  desirable  that  the  facts  should  be  laid  before  the 
public.  How  many  wives,  at  the  commencement 
of  the  war,  parted  with  their  companions  never  to 
meet  again  in  this  world,  and  are  now  eager  to 
know  all  the  circumstances  connected  with  the 
war  !  How  many  parents,  bereft  of  dear  children, 
how  many  brothers  and  sisters,  deprived  of  those 
whom  they  loved,  are  intensely  anxious  to  hear  all 
the  particulars  of  each  battle! 

We  present  these  pages  to  the  public  hoping  the 
tragical  scenes  here  described  may  deter  others  from 
imbibing  a  war  spirit.  We  exhort  them  not  to  be 
influenced  by  the  martial  array,  the  din  of  battle 
and*  the  clash  of  arms,  and  all  the  exciting  par£- 
pharnalia  of  war.  ^ 


BRIEF  SKETCH  OF  THE  LIFE  OF  GENERAL 
SCOTT. 

WINFIELD  SCOTT  was  born  June  13th,  1786,  near  Peters- 
burgh,  Virginia.  His  grandfather  was  a  Scotchman,  who  fled 
to  this  country  in  consequence  of  being  involved  in  the  rebell 
ion  of  1847.  His  only  son  was  William,  who  died  in  1791, 
leaving  two  sons,  the  youngest  of  whom  was  Winfield. 

His  mother  was  a  very  amiable  lady  and  endowed  with  superior 
intellectual  and  other  accomplishments.  She  died  ia  1803, 
wben  the  subject  of  this  notice  was  only  seventeen  years  of  ago. 

At  this  time  Winfield  was  noted  for  energy,  stability  of 
character,  a  high  sense  of  honor,  and  warm  social  feelings.  He 
studied  one  year  in  the  High  School  at  Richmond,  and  spent 
two  years  at  William  and  Mary  College,  attending  law  lectures. 

At  the  age  of  twenty  years  he  was  admitted  to  the  bar  as  a 
lawyer. 

In  1807  he  emigrated  to  South  Carolina,  intending  to  prac 
tise  law  at  Charleston ;  but  in  1808  Congress  determined  to 
increase  the  army  on  account  of  English  aggressions,  and  young 
Scott  was  appointed  Captain  of  a  company  of  Light  Artillery 
by  President  Jefferson.  In  July,  1812,  he  was  promoted  to 
Lieutenant-Colonel,  and  was  ordered  to  the  Niagara  frontier, 
as  war  between  the  United  States  and  England  had  been  de 
clared.  He  soon  distinguished  himself  by  recapturing  a 
British  brig  in  Niagara  river.  In  October.  1812,  he  proceeded 
to  LewistOQ,  and  with  six  hundred  men  repulsed  a  large  force 
of  the  enemy.  Finally,  after  several  severe  conflicts,  the  ene 
my  being  reinforced  (having  1300  men),  and  Scott's  band 
being  reduced  to  300,  they  were  obliged  to  surrender  to  the 
British. 

The  American  prisoners  were  sent  to  Quebec,  and  thence  to 
Boston.  Scott  was  soon  exchanged,  anpl  joined  the  army  at 
Fort  Niagara  in  May,  1813,  as  Adjutant-General.  He  soon 
led  on  the  advanced  guard  in  an  attack  on  Fort  George,  and 
with  great  bravery  repulsed  the  British,  and  captured  the  fort. 

March  9th,  1814,  he  was  promoted  to  the  rank  of  Brigadier- 
General.  In  July  his  brigade  and  a  corps  of  artillery  crossed 
Niagara  river  and  captured  Fort  Erie,  and  than  advanced  to 


14  BATTLES    OF    MEXICO. 

Chippewa',  and,  with  1900  men,  entirely  routed  2100  of  the 
enemy. 

July  25th,  Scott  advanced  towards  Niagara  and  ng.-iin  met  a 
large  force  of  the  enemy.  The  battle  was  fierc?,  and  Scott 
manifested  the  greatest  bravery,  having  two  horses  shot  uiidei 
him.  He  was  wounded  in  his  side,  and  finally  disabled  by  a 
musket  ball  passing  through  his  left  shoulder.  At  midnight 
the  Americans  gained  possession  of  the  field,  after  a  loss  of  860. 
while  the  British  lost  878. 

Scott,  immediately  after  this  celebrated  battle,  was  appointed 
Major-General,  at  the  age  of  28. 

In  1816  he  visited  Europe,  and  on  his  return  married  Miss 
Maria  Mayo,  of  Richmond,  Va.  He  has  several  daughters,  but 
no  son  living. 

In  1831-2  he  engaged  in  the  "  Black  Hawk  war,"  and  finally 
terminated  it  by  a  treaty  with  the  Indians. 

When  nullification  in  South  Carolina  threatened  the  country 
with  civil  war,  Scott  by  his  cunning  yet  peaceful  and  friendly 
proceedings,  calmed  the  impending  storm. 

January  20th,  1836,  he  was  ordered  to  take  the  command  of 
the  army  in  Florida  and  carry  on  the  Seniinole  war.  He  had 
many  skirmishes  ;  but  was  recalled  by  the  grumbling  of  enemies. 

He  made  peace  when  ther?  was  a  threatened  invasion  of 
Canada  by  Americans  on  the  frontier  in  1837.  The  steamer 
Caroline  was  burned  by  the  British  ;  but  the  olive  branch  was 
finally  accepted. 

In  1838  he  prevented  a  probable  war  with  the  Cherokee  In 
dians. 

He  was  the  great  "  Pacificator"  in  the  adjustment  of  the 
North-eastern  boundary.  It  was  undoubtedly  by  his  wise  man 
agement  that  a  dreadfully  severe  war  was  prevented.  Perhaps 
there  is  no  man  living  who  has  so  distinguished  himself  as  a 
brave  general  and  kind  pacificator. 

His  achievements  in  the  Mexican  war  are  described  in  tha 
following  pages. 


BRIEF  SKETCH  OF  THE  LIFE  OF  GENERAL 
TAYLOR. 


Tins  distinguished  General  was  a  native  of  "  The  Old  Do 
minion."  He  was  born  in  Orange  County,  Va.,  November 
24th,  1784.  His  father,  Richard  Taylor,  was  somewhat  noted 
as  a  military  man  in  that  State.  Zachary  is  now  (1847)  63 
years  old. 

In  1785  his  father  moved  to  Kentucky,  near  Louisville, 
where  Zachary  spent  most  of  his  childhood. 

As  good  schools  were  scarce  at  that  time  in  Kentucky,  his 
education  was  neglected.  He  was  brought  up  on  a  farm  ;  but 
1  ad  a  taste  for  military  glory,  and  in  May,  1808,  President 
Jefferson  appointed  him  a  Lieutenant  in  the  army  at  the  age  of 
14  years.  His  first  wreath  of  glory  was  won  at  u  Tippecanoe," 
in  a  desperate  battle  with  the  Indians.  May  7th,  1811.  In  con- 
tequence  of  his  bravery  in  this  conflict,  President  Madison  gave 
liim  a  Captain's  commission. 

In  the  spring  of  1812  he  was  placed  in  command  of  Fort 
Harrison  on  the  Watiash.  War  with  England  had  been  de 
clared,  and  Tecumseh,  with  his  Indian  warriors,  was  resolved  to 
exterminate  the  whites.  Taylor  had  only  50  men  in  the  fort, 
and  half  of  them  disabled  by  fever.  September  4th,  1812,  the 
indians  attacked  the  fort  about  midnight.  The  sentinels  were 
driven  in,  the  block-house  of  the  fort  was  on  fire,  and  destruc 
tion  seemed  to  bo  their  inevitable  lot.  Taylor  ordered  a  part 
of  his  men  to  extinguish  the  flames,  and  the  remainder  to  return 
the  fire.  For  seven  hours  the  conflict  was  severe,  and  the  savage 
yells  tenific  ;  but  the  Indians  were  obliged  to  retire 

After  this  brave  defence  Taylor  was  promoted  to  the  rank  of 
brevet-Major.  At  the  close  of  the  war,  by  the  influence  of  ene 
mies,  he  was  reduced  to  the  rank  of  Captain,  and,  resenting  the 
insult,  he  retired  to  his  farm. 

In  1815  he  was  reinstated  by  President  Madison,  and  pro 
ceeded,  in  1816,  to  Green  Bay.  He  was  soon  appointed 
Lieutenant-Colonel,  and,  until  1832,  was  on  the  Western  nnd 
Xorth-westeru  frontier?,  performing  important  services, 


16  BATTLES  OF  MEXICO. 

General  Jackson,  in  1832,  appointed  him  Colonel,  and  sent  him 
into  the  u  Black  Hawk  war."  In  July  General  Atkinson  ar* 
rived  at  the  scene  of  action  with  2500  men,  including  400  under 
Colonel  Taylor.  When  the  Indians  retreated  into  the  wilder 
ness,  1300  men  under  Taylor  were  ordered  in  pursuit.  They 
overtook  them  near  the  junction  of  the  Mississippi  and 
Iowa  rivers,  where  a  desperate  conflict  ensued,  in  which  the. 
savages  were  totally  routed.  Taylor  soon  captured  Black 
Hawk  and  ended  the  war. 

Taylor  was  afterwards  ordered  to  Fort  Crawford,  at  Prairie 
du  Chien,  and  remained  there  until  1836,  when  he  was  called 
to  assist  in  the  Seminole  war  in  Florida,  which  commenced  in 
1835.  All  efforts  failed  to  bring  the  savages  to  subjection 
until  December,  1837,  when  Colonel  Taylor,  with  1100  men, 
left  Fort  Gardner  in  pursuit.  December  2.5th,  he  was  attacked 
by  a  large  body  of  Indians  with  rifles  in  ambuscade.  The  bat 
tle  was  fierce  and  bloody.  The  volunteers,  at  first,  began  to 
give  way  as  their  leaders  fell,  but  the  regulars  pressed  on. 
This  battle  of  u  Okee-cho-bee"  continued  an  hour,  when  the 
Indians  retired,  but  were  hotly  pursued.  The  savages  exhibited 
the  greatest  bravery.  Our  loss  was  14  officers  and  120  privates 
killed  or  wounded. 

This  broke  the  power  of  the  war.  Many  Indians  surrendered 
to  our  men,  and  the  scene  of  bloodshed  gradually  terminated. 
Taylor  soon  received  the  rank  of  Brevet-Brigadier-Gcneral,  and 
in  April,  1838.,  was  appointed  to  the  command  of  our  troops 
in  Florida.  He  remained  two  years  longer,  and  then,  at  hia 
request,  was  recalled. 

Afterwards  he  was  appointed  to  the  command  of  the  First 
Department  of  the  U.  S.  Army  in  the  South-west.  His  head 
quarters  were  at  Fort  Jesup  until  1841,  when  he  was  01  tiered 
to  Fort  Gibson.  He  remained  there  about  five  years,  when,  >£ 
1845,  he  was  ordered  to  Texas,  in  anticipation  of  her  annexa 
tion  to  the  United  States* 

The  remainder  of  General  Taylor's  triumphant  career  is  de 
scribed  in  the  following  pages.  He  has  proved  himself  to  be 
one  of  the  bravest  and  most  skilful  generals  of  modern  times 


BATTLES  OF  MEXICO, 


• 


Various  circumstances  contributed  to  produce  this  war. 
In  the  first  place  the  government  of  the  U.  S.  had  cer 
tain  claims  against  Mexico,  acknowledged  by  the  latter, 
but  not  cancelled.  Next,  the  people  of  Texas,  having 
formed  themselves  into  an  independent  government  main 
tained  that  independence  eight  years,  were  desirous  of 
being  annexed  to  the  United  States.  In  order  to  accom 
plish  this  object,  as  Mexico  was  opposed  to  it,  it  was 
agreed  between  our  government  and  that  of  Texas,  that 
the  former  should  send  upon  the  borders  of  Texas,  aa 
armed  force  sufficient  to  put  down  any  opposition  from 
Mexico.  Accordingly  Zachary  Taylor,  Col.  of  the  6th 
Regiment  of  Infantry,  was  appointed  to  take  command  of 
these  forces.  He  repaired  to  Fort  Jessup,  Louisana,  and 
found*  that  post  garrisoned  by  seven  companies  of  the 
2d  regiment  of  Dragoons,  under  the  command  of  Col.  D.  E. 
Twiggs.  May  10th,  1844,  eight  companies  of  the  3d  Regi 
ment  of  Infantry,  stationed  at  Jefferson  Barracks,  Missouri-, 
repaired  to  the  same  place,  commanded  by  Lieutenant 
Col.  E.  A.  Hitchcock.  Their  encampment  was  called 
Camp  Wilkins.  Eight  companies  of  the  4th  Regiment 
from  Jefferson  Barracks,  went,  May  13,  to  Grand  Ecore 
on  fhe  Red  River,  under  the  command  of  Colonel  Vose. 
'55*  Taylor,  with  the  title  of  Brevet  Brigadier  General, 

2 


lg  BATTLES  OF  MEXICO. 

arrived  at  Fort  Jessup  about  the  middle  of  June.  April, 
1845  two  companies  arrived  from  Fort  Leaven  worth, 
making  25  companies  in  all  of  what  was  called  the  "  army 
of  observation."  It  having  been  voted  by  Congress 
(Feb.  1845),  to  annex  Texas  to  the  United  States,  and 
as  the  people  of  that  State  in  convention,  would  meet,  and 
probably  accept  the  proposition  of  annexation  in  July,  it 
was  thought  best  for  the  army  of  observation  to  be  pre 
pared  to  move  to  the  western  frontier  of  Texas  if  neces 
sary.  Accordingly  it  proceeded  to  New  Orleans  in 
July  1845,  ready  to  embark  to  any  requisite  point. 

While  at  that  city  Col.  J.  H.  Vose  of  the  4th  Infantry 
died  in  a  fit,  which  cast  a  gloom  over  his  associates  in 
arms.  July  23d  a  part  of  the  force  set  sail  for  Corpus 
Christi,  (generally  called  Kinney's  Ranch,"  situated  on 
the  western  shore  of  Corpus  Christi  Bay)  and  arrived 
July  31.  Many  interesting  incidents  and  some  spirited 
battles  have  occurred  at  this  military  post,  between  the 
Mexicans  and  Texans,  in  which  Santa  Anna  acted  a 
prominent  part ;  but  we  must  not  tarry  to  describe  them 
here.  The  army  now  was  no  longer  called  "  army 
of  observation  ;"  but  the  "  army  of  occupation."  In 
August  the  aspect  of  affairs  began  to  be  menacing, 
and  it  was  expected  that  Mexico  would  soon  declare 
war.  General  Arista,  was  at  Monterey  with  a  considera 
ble  Mexican  force,  and  there  was  another  at  Matamoras. 
In  the  mean  time  new  companies  from  the  United  States 
occasionally  arrived. 

Sept.  12th,  the  steamer  Dayton,  having  on  board  seve 
ral  officers  and  soldiers,  burst  her  boilers,  on  her  way  to  St. 
oseph's  Island,  and  eight  lost  their  lives  in  a  most  distres 
sing  manner.     In  September  General  Worth  with  six  com- 
panies,  and  Major  Ringgold  with   his  company  of  horse 


BATTLES     OF    MEXICO.  19 

and  others,  arrived  at  the  camp.  By  the  middle  of  Kto- 
ber  1845  the  army  of  occupation  consisted  of  251  offi 
cers  3671  privates,  total  3922.  These  were  on  the  '\  .:st, 
arid  there  were  about  150  in  the  interior. 

Texas  claimed  the  land  to   the  River  Rio  Grande,  an r 
General  Taylor  was  ordered,  in  Feb.  1846,  to  mov^  th 
army  to  some  point  on  that  river.     In  March  it  according] 
started,  having  been  at  Corpus  Christi  seven  mont!  s  ai:-. 
eleven  days.     March  16th  Col.  Twiggs  met  the  adT.mcer 
guard  of  the  enemy  and   was  ordered  to  advance  no  fur 
ther.     He  returned   to  the  army  and  reported.     Nothing 
however,  was  seen   of  the  enemy   again  until  our  forces 
reached  the  banks  of  the  Colorado,  the  passage  of  which 
was  strongly  disputed.     The  Mexican  forces  were  drawn 
up  on  the  opposite  bank,  and  declared  that   they  would 
fire  upon  our  forces  if  they  attempted  to   cross.     General 
Taylor  told  them,  that  as  soon  as  the  bank  was  cut  down 
tor  the  train  to  pass,  the  first   Mexican  that  he  saw  after 
our  men  entered  the  river  would   be  shot.     At  this  they 
fled.     The  Adjutant  general,  Gen.  Mejia,  the  command 
ing  officer  at  Matamoras,  handed  a  paper  to  General  Tay 
lor  informing  him,  that  if  he  crossed  they  would  have 
a   fight ;    but   no   opposition    appeared.     The  order   of 
inarch  as  our  army  drewr  nearer  Point  Isabel  was  in  four 
columns,  the  Dragoons  on  the  right  and  the  3d  Brigade 
on  the  left.     Before  arriving,  however,  it  was  ascertained 
that  the  place  was  deserted  by  the  enemy  and  that  all  the 
buildings   but  one  were  burned.     Our  army  were  then 
ordered   to  direct  their   march   towards  Matamoras  and 
General   Worth    encamped    12   miles   from   that   place. 
General  Taylor  proceeded  to  point  Isabel  and  the    stea 
mers   arid  provisions  arrived  at  the  same  time.      While 
a  deputation  of  fifty  armed  citizens  of  Matamoras,  protesting 


20  BATTLES    OF    MEXICO. 

there  against  our  occupying  the  country.  The  general  told 
them  that  he  would  answer  them  at  Matamoras.  Defences 
were  ordered  to  be  constructed  at  the  Point  and  Major  Mon 
roe  appointed  Commander  of  the  port.  March  25th?General 
Worth  proceeded  three  miles  farther,  to  Palo  Alto  and  wait 
ed  for  General  Taylor.  March  28th,  the  army  moved  to- 
wards  Matamoras,  which  is  on  the  Rio  Grande,  arriving  op 
posite  the  city  about  11  A.  M.  Two  of  our  advanced 
guard  were  taken  prisoners  by  the  Mexicans,  and  the  horse 
of  a  boy  who  was  a  bugler  ;  which  excited  our  men  con 
siderably.  About  two  hundred  Mexicans  were  to  be  seen 
and  their  colours  flying  in  various  places.  General  Worth 
was  ordered  to  answer  the  deputation  which  visited  Gen. 
Taylor  at  Point  Isabel.  The  Mexicans  for  some  time 
would  not  send  a  boat  across  the  river :  but  at  last  one  came 
with  an  officer.  General  Worth  sent  him  back  saying  that 
he  wished  to  see  the  commanding  officer.  Gen.  Mejia 
said  that  he  would  neither  receive  General  Worth  or  Gen 
eral  Tavlor's  communication.  Mejia  sent  General  La  Vega 
and  Worth  crossed  the  river  and  the  interview  took  place 
on  the  Mexican  side.  La  Vega  said  that  the  Mexicans 
considered  us  as  invaders.  Nothing  of  importance  was  ac 
complished  by  the  interview.  A  flag  was  soon  raised  by 
our  army  on  the  banks  of  the  Rio  Grande.  It  was  thought 
that  the  Mexican  force,  at  this  post  was  fifteen  hundred. 
March  26th  it  was  feared  that  our  forces  would  be  attack 
ed  at  night  and  they  were  ordered  to  sleep  upon  their 
arms.  Capt.  May  with  a  squadron  of  the  2nd  Dragoons 
marched  to  Point  Isabel  (27  miles)  in  four  hours  to  reinforce 
the  garrison.  On  the  first  of  April  Gen.  Taylor  demanded 
the  release  of  the  captured  Dragoons  and  they  were  return 
ed  with  their  equipments.  It  is  surprising  that  several  oi 
our  men  deserted  and  went  over  to  the  enemy.  Some  o/ 


'  • 


BATTLES    OF    MEXICO  21 »' 

them  were  shot,  who  attempted  to  swim  the  river.     News 
arrived,  April  9th  that  Mr.  Slidell,  United  States  minister 
to  Mexico  having  given  up  all  hope  of  opening  negotia 
tions  had  left  the  city  and  returned  to  the  U.  S. 


BATTLE  OF  MATAMORAS. 

General  Ampudia,  who  had  superseded  Arista,  arrived 
from  the  South  the  llth  of  April  and  ordered  General 
Taylor  to  leave  in  24  hours  or  he  should  consider  us  as 
having  declared  war  against  Mexico.  Taylor  answered 
that  he  did  not  wish  for  24  hours  but  would  return  an  an 
swer  at  10  o'clock  the  next  day.  He  told  Ampudia  that 
he  was  sent  there  by  his  government  in  a  peaceful  atti 
tude  and  he  intended  to  remain,  and  warned  Ampudia 
against  firing  the  first  gun.  Lieutenant  Porter,  while  out 
in  pursuit  of  Col.  Cross,  who  was  supposed  to  be  killed 
was  attacked  by  some  Mexicans  and  slain.  Col.  Cross- 
was  afterwards  found  murdered.  April  26th  an  ambush 
was  laid  for  a  company  of  our  men  and  2  sergeants  and 
8  privates  were  killed  in  an  engagement  with  the  enemy. 

There  was  every  appearance  of  a  general  and  speedy  at 
tack.  General  Taylor  sent  a  requisition  on  the  governors 
of  Louisiana  and  Texas  for  5000  men.  April  25th  Gen 
eral  Arista  arrived  at  the  scene  of  action.  April  28th 
Capt.  Walker's  camp  was  attacked  by  Generals  Torrejon 
and  Can  ales,  being  stationed  midway  between  Point  Isa 
bel  and  Matamoras.  5  of  his  men  were  killed  and  4  miss 
ing,  he  having  gone  out  with  some  of  his  force  on  a  scout. 
April  29th  it  was  thought  that  the  Point  was  attacked  as 
Cannon  was  heard  in  that  direction,  and  a  portion  of  the 


"2'2  BATTLES    OF    MEXICO. 

army  inarched  immediately  in  that  direction.     The  report 
was  false  as  there  had  been  no  attack. 

May  3rd  the  batteries  from  Matarnoras  opened  upon  our 
camp  at  day-break  with  great  energy.  The  battle  was 
fierce  for  a  while  and  in  30  minutes  all  the  heavy  gun 
batteries  of  the  enemy  were  silenced  by  our  artillery. 
The  enemy  threw  many  shells;  but  without  effect . 


BATTLE  OF  PALO  ALTO. 

Most  of  our  forces  were  at  Point  Isabel  and  in  that  vi 
cinity  though  some  were  opposite  Matamoras  .  General 
Taylor ,  May  7th  directed  the  army  to  march  in  the  direc 
tion  of  Matamoras  .  It  started  at  3,  P.  M  .  having  a  val 
uable  train  of  provisions  and  munitions  of  war.  Six 
twelve-pounders  were  in  the  wagons  and  a  battery  oi 
two  eighteen  pounders  was  drawn  by  oxen.  The  forces 
were  under  the  command  of  Lieut.  Churchill.  On  the- 
morning  of  the  8th  the  enemy  were  observed  less  than 
a  mile  distant,  occupying  a  front  of  about  a  mile  and  a 
half.  The  general  formed  his  men  in  column  of  attack 
and  permitted  them  to  go  half  at  a  time  and  get  water 
to  fill  their  canteens,  as  they  had  marched  twelve 
miles  that  day  and  suffered  from  heat  and  thirst.  Our 
army  moved  on  with  firmness  to  meet  the  enemy,  and 
when  within  700  yards  the  enemy  opened  their  fire  from 
a  battery  on  the  right.  The  right  wing  osf  our  army 


BATTLES    OF    MEXICO.  23 

was  composed  of  the  fifth  Infantry  on  the  right,  Ring- 
gold's  Artillery,  the  3rd  Infantry,  Churchill's  eighteen 
pound  battery  and  4th  Infantry  and  commanded  by  Col. 
Twiggs.  The  left  wing  composed  of  Duncan's  Artil 
lery  and  the  8th  Infantry  was  commanded  Brevet  Lieuten 
ant-Colonel  Belknap.  Ringgold's  and  Duncan's  batteries 
advanced  and  commenced  firing.  The  enemy  fired  con 
tinually  but  not  with  much  precision.  Their  cavalry 
move  on  the  left  and  then  three  batteries  placed  in  a  line 
at  a  considerable  distance  from  each  other  and  bodies  of 
infantry  between,  making  a  long  line  of  battle.  Ring- 
golds  battery  made  dreadful  havoc,  cutting  down  almost 
whole  platoons  at  once.  The  two  eighteen  pounder.- 
roared  tremendously  and  the  cavalry  of  the  enemy  soon 
began  to  retire,  at  first  in  a  trot  and  then  in  a  gallop. 
A  movement  of  the  enemy's  Hank,  composed  of  Cavalrv 
one  thousand  strong,  endangered  our  train  and  WHS. 
promptly  met  by  a  section  of  Ringgold's  battery  under 
Lieut.  Ridgeway  and  the  fifth  and  third  Infantry.  They 
were  received  by  5th  in  a  square  and  twenty  of  them 
were  killed  from  the  fire  of  an  angle.  When  the  eneim 
saw  the  3rd  Infantry  advancing  in  column  by  division, 
they  fled  with  rapidity.  On  the  left  Duncan  cut  them 
down  in  great  numbers  and  the  shout  of  our  men  could  be 
heard  above  the  cannon's  roar.  Our  left  wing,  particularly 
the  8th  Infantry,  suffered  from  the  fire  of  the  enemy,  being 
in  a  column  instead  of  being  deployed  in  a  line.  In  the 
midst  of  the  battle  the  prairie  took  fire  and  enveloped  the 
armies  in  smoke.  The  firing  commenced  at  3  P.  M. 
and  ceased  for  a  time  at  4  P.  M.  Then  Ringgold's  bat 
tery  and  the  eighteen  pounders  were  pushed  round  to  the 
left  flank  of  the  enemy  and  the  4th  Infantry  and  1st  Brio- 
ode  moved  up  to  their  aid.  the  firing  soon  commenced 


24  BATTLES     OF    MKX1CO. 

again  and  the  enemy  were  obliged  u  Change  their  line  01 
battle.  At  this  moment  Duncan  poured  a  tremendous 
fire  into  their  right  flank  and  threw  it  into  the  greatest 
confusion.  As  night  approached  the  firing  gradually  ces- 
sed  on  both  sides.  The  enemy  had  been  driven  from  hi* 
position  and  forced  to  retire,  and  our  army  were  left  vic 
tors  upon  the  battle  ground.  We  had  only  nine  killed, 
forty-four  wounded  and  two  missing.  Major  Ringgold, 
Captain  Page,  Lieutenants  Luther,  2nd  Artillery  and 
VVallen,  4th  Infantry  were  wounded.  Major  Ringgold 
received  a  shot  while  sitting  on  his  horse,  which  carried 
away  the  flesh  on  his  legs  from  his  knees  up  and  passed 
through  the  withers  of  his  horse.  The  lower  jaw  of  Capt. 
Page  was  shot  off.  Lieut.  Wallen  received  a  slight 
wound  in  the  arm  and  Lieut.  Luther  in  the  calf  of  the  leg. 
The  Assistant  Adjutant  General,  Capt.  Bliss  and  Lieut. 
Daniels  had  their  horses  shot  under  them.  Our  wounded 
suffered  much  during  the  night.  General  Arista  com 
manded  the  enemy  having  6000  men  and  our  force  consist 
ed  of  2211.  Thus  ended  the  famous  battle  of  Palo  Alto. 
May  9th  the  enemy,  at  day  break,  moved  along  the  bor 
ders  of  the  chaparral  and  it  was  supposed  that  they  intend - 
to  occupy  the  road  arid  prevent  our  farther  progress.  It 
was  decided  that  we  should  attack  them,  and  after  the  train 
was  suitably  guarded,  our  army  moved  forward  soon  after 
sunrise.  It  was  found  that  the  enemy  were  rapidly  retreat 
ing.  In  going  over  the  battle  field  the  scene  was  awful. 
There  were  at  least  five  hundred  of  the  enemy  killed  and 
wounded.  It  would  seem  that  eacugh  had  already  been 
done  to  settle  the  difficulty  between  thp  two  nations  but  a 
nation's  pride  is  not  easily  satisSed.  This  war  but  the 
commencement  of  bloody  scenes.  Gen.  Ta^loi  ordered 
our  men  to  take  care  of  tie  wounded  among  !lu  *x.«*  > 


BATTLES    OF  MEXICO.  26 

wherever  found,  as  carefully  as  our  own  wounded.       At 
1  P.M.  our  army  moved  on. 


BATTLE  OF  RESACA  DE  LA  PALMA. 

Capt.  G.  A.  McCall  was  sent  forward  with  one  hun 
dred  picked  men  to  reconoitre.  He  found  that  the  enemy 
had  selected  a  favorable  postion  and  were  waiting  for  our 
advance.  McCall  had  a  slight  brush  with  them  and  re 
turned.  Our  forces  were  deployed  to  the  right  and  left  of 
the  road  as  skirmishers.  Capt.  Me  Call's  command  were 
ordered  to  advance  and  draw  the  fire  of  the  enemy.  The 
latter  were  on  the  opposite  bank  of  a  ravine  concave  to 
wards  us  and  their  batteries  were  so  arranged  as  to  sweep 
the  road  and  every  approach  through  the  chaparral.  Me 
Call  received  the  fire  of  the  enemy  and  Lieut.  Ridgely, 
successor  to  Ringgold,  was  ordered  forward  with  his  bat 
tery.  The  battle  commenced  with  fury.  Frequently 
were  bayonets  crossed,  they  were  in  such  close  proximity, 
The  enemy  gave  way  slowly,  but  fought  like  tigers,  for 
every  inch  of  ground.  The  chaparral  was  so  thick  that 
our  regiments  were  mixed  ;  but  fought  not  the  less  bravely. 
Ridgely  at  one  time,  had  a  body  of  lancers  come  done 
upon  him,  with  tremendous  force,  when  he  had  but  one 
piece  unlimbered.  Sergeant  Kearnes  put  a  load  of  can- 
nister  on  the  top  of  a  shell  and  fired  which  scattered  all 
but  four.  Then  Ridgely  charged  them  in  person  and 
drove  them  back,  exhibiting  the  greatest  bravery. 

Capt.  May  rode  bick  and  asked  the  general  if  he  should 
diarge   the  enemy  on  the  opposite  side   of    the   ravine. 


26  BAtTLES    OF    MEXICO 

The  answer  was  "Charge,  Captain^  nolens,  volens-V* 
As  May  dashed  on  by  Ridgely,  the  latter  cried"  hold 
in  Charity  till  I  draw  their  fire  !"  Down  the  ravine 
they  went.  Lieut.  Inge  soon  fell  and  many  others; 
but  the  rest  drove  furiously  on,  crossed  the  ravine 
and  captured  the  battery.  Capt.  Graham's  company 
vvas  with  May's  in  this  charge.  General  La  Vega 
stood  by  his  battery  to  the  last  and  was  taken  pris 
oner  by  Capt.  May.  The  3rd  were  deployed  on  the 
right  of  the  road  ;  but  met  no  enemy  and  not  being  able  to 
tret  through  the  thick,  dense  chaparral,  were  obliged  to 
return  to  get  into  the  action  and  arrived  after  the  enemy 
were  completely  routed.  Duncan  then  took  the  advance 
with  his  battery,  the  Dragoons,  3rd  Infantry  and  Smith's 
command  being  ordered  to  support  the  artillery.  We 
dashed  on  after  the  enemy  who  were  in  full  retreat,  pour 
ing  upon  them  a  very  destructive  fire.  Our  men  soon 
came  up  with  the  enemy's  camp  and  found  it  deserted 
and  captured  by  the  brave  Barbour,  who  with  his  company 
r>f  the  third  Infantry  had  resisted  a  formidable  charge  of 
cavalry.  Mules,  packs,  provisions,  and  other  trophies 
were  left  by  the  enemy.  Our  men  pursued  the  enemy, 
shouting  as  they  went,  to  the  river.  Many  of  the  enemy 
were  drowned  endeavoring  to  swim  across,  and  were  scat 
tered  in  every  direction.  The  rout  was  general  and  com 
plete,  though  our  force  consisted  of  1700  men,  the  others 
being  required  to  guard  the  train.  2000  of  the  best  of 
Mexico's  troops  came  over  to  join  in  this  battle  of  the  9th, 
called  "Resaca  de  la  Palma."  Our  loss  was  three  officers 
and  thirty-six  men  killed,  twelve  officers  and  fifty-nine 
men  wounded.  The  officers  killed  were  Lieut.  Z.  Inge, 
2nd  Dragoons  ;  Lieut.  R.  E.  Cochrane,  4th  Infantry  ;  and 
Lieut.  T.  L.  Ohsdbourne,  Srh  Infant rv.  The  Bounded 


BATTLES    OF    MEXICO.  27 

officers  were  Colonel  M.  M.  Payne,  4th  Artillery,  acting 
Inspector-General ;  Col.  J.  S.  Mc'Intosh,  5th  Infantry  ; 
Capt.  A.  Hooe,  5th  Infantry  ;  Lieut.  S.  H.  Fowler,  5th 
Infantry  ;  Capt.  W.  R.  Montgomery,  Lieut.  J.  Selden, 
R.  P.  Maclay,  C.  F.  Morris,  C<  R.  Gates,  J.  G.  Burbank 
and  C.  D.  Jordan,  8th  Infantry  ;  and  Lieut.  S.  D.  Dob 
bins,  3rd  Infantry.  We  captured  eight  pieces  of  artillery, 
2000  stand  of  arms,  200  mules,  one  hundred  and  fifty 
thousand  rounds  of  musket  cartridges,  and  all  the  baggage 
and  camp  equipage  of  the  army.  Arista's  private  papers 
and  baggage  fell  into  our  hands.  One  General,  one  Colo 
nel,  one  Lieut,  Colonel,  four  Captains  and  five  Lieuten 
ants,  were  taken  prisoners.  Three  Captains  and  foui 
Lieutenants  of  the  enemy  were  buried  on  the  field,  and 
forty-eight  officers  besides  were  acknowledged  by  the 
Mexicans  to  be  missing.  The  killed,  wounded,  and  mis- 
ing  of  the  enemy  could  not  have  been  less  than  2000. 

Gen  Taylor  was  sitting  upon  his  horse  in  the  hottest  oi 
the  battle,  and  the  balls  were  rattling  all  around  him. 
An  officer  remarked  to  him  that  he  was  exposing  himself 
too  much,  and  proposed  that  he  should  retire*  The  Gen 
eral  said,  "  Let  us  ride  a  little  nearer,  the  ball-  will  fail 
behind  us." 

During  the  bombardment  of  Fort  Brown  (opposite  Mat- 
amoras),  Major  Brown  the  commanding  officer  was  wound 
ed  by  a  shell  May  6th  and  died  on  the  9th  much  lamented- 
The  enemy  fired  2700  shells  at  this  fort  killing  one  officer, 
one  sergeant,  and  wounding  thirteen  privates.  They  were 
repeatedly  ordered  by  the  enemy  to  .surrender;  but  would 
not.  Major  Ringgold  died  at  Point  Isabel  May  llth 
and  was  buried  with  funeral  honors  on  the  12th.  May 
17th  our  army  were  ordered  to  cross  the  Rio  Grande  and 
take  possession  of  Matamoras.  General  Arista  sent  ov-er 


28  BATTLES    OF    MEXICO. 

and  wished  for  an  armistice  until  he  could  hear  from  th 
Capital,  but  Old  Rough  and  Ready  said,  "  No  !"  Taylo. 
was  asked  if  he  intended  to  take  the  city,  "Yes,"  was  the 
-eply,  "if  he  had  to  batter  it  down.  Tell  General  Arista, 
said  he,  "  that  the  city  must  capitulate,  all  public  proper 
ty,  amunition,  provisions  &c.  must  be  given  up,  and  then 
the  army  may  march  out  and  retire.  Arista  was  ordered 
to  give  an  answer  by  3  P.  M.  In  the  mean  time  our 
army  marched  three  miles  up  the  river,  where  there  was  a 
suitable  place  for  crossing.  No  deputation  came  from 
Arista  and  we  crossed  May  18th.  By  a  sad  accident 
Lieut.  Stephens  was  drowned.  It  was  found  that  the  Mex 
ican  army  precipitately  left  the  city  and  the  authorities 
invited  General  Taylor  to  take  possession.  The  battle 
field  of  Resaca  de  la  Palma  presented  a  sad  spectacle — 
such  vast  numbers  of  the  slain  and  now  the  hospitals 
were  filled  with  the  wounded  !  Near  one  poor  wounded 
man,  sat  a  beautiful  girl  of  seventeen  keeping  off  the  flies. 
She  was  his  wife.  There  the  mother  and  her  children  were 
seated  by  the  wounded  father.  Colonel  Twiggs  was  ap 
pointed  to  the  chief  command  of  the  city. 

Colone]  Garland  was  sent  out  with  two  companies  on 
the  19th  to  follow  the  enemy.  After  he  had  gone  27  miles 
he  came  up  with  them,  had  a  skirmish,  and  returned  the 
22d.  Two  of  his  men  were  wounded.  He  killed  two, 
wounded  two  of  the  enemy  and  captured  twenty  men  with 
their  baggage.  Barita,  a  small  town  near  by,  was  taken 
May  17,  by  Colonel  Wilson.  When  the  Congress  of  the 
U.  S.  heard  of  the  capture  of  Capt.  Thornton  and  his  com* 
mand,  that  body  made  declaration  of  war  May  13th,  and 
voted  to  raise  fifty  thousand  volunteers  and  to  appropriate 
ten  milions  of  dollars  for  the  expense  of  the  war.  War 
was  declared  by  Mexico,  April  23rd.  Our  Congress  a  p- 


BATTLES     OF    MEXICO.  9 

pointed  General   Taylor  Brevet   Major  General,   after  the 
battles  of  Palo  Alto  and  Resca  de  la  Paima. 

Numerous  reinforcements  soon  came  in  and  the  army 
moved  forward.  Monterey,  Reynosa,  Camargo,  Mier  and 
other  towns  were  soon  taken  without  resistance.  When 
our  army  left  Matamoras,  Lieutenant  Colonel  Clark  was 
appoined  to  the  command  of  the  city.  Poor  Page  after 
suffering  intensely,  died  July  12th. 

TheU.  S.  army  proceeded  up  the  Rio  Grande  as  far  as 
Mier  and  them  left  that  noble  river  and  turned  to  the  south 
towards  Monterey. 

Sept.  14th,  Capt.  McCullough,  with  thirty-five  men,  had 
a  brush  with  two  hundred  Mexicans,  near  Ramos.  Two 
of  the  enemy  were  wounded,  and  the  Capt.  lost  one  horse. 
Reports  seemed  to  be  confirmed  that  the  enemy  were  pre. 
paring  for  a  hard  battle  at  Monterey.  It  was  expected  that 
we  should  have  a  fight  at  Marin,  where  the  enemy  undei 
General  Torrejon  were  seen,  just  before  our  army  entered 
the  town.  When  we  arrived  the  enemy  had  left.  At  this 
place  the  mountains  at  the  foot  of  which  Monterey  stands, 
were  distinctly  visible,  about  twenty-live  miles  distant. 

Sept.  17th  General  Taylor  was  addressed  by  the  Spanish 
Consul  at  Monterey  inquiring  whether  the  property  of  for 
eigners  would  be  respected.  Taylor  replied  that  he  could 
not  be  responsible  for  anything  if  the  city  was  taken  b> 
assault. 

Sept.  19th  at  9  P.  M.  the  advance  of  our  forces  arrived 
within  three  miles  of  Monterey.  Some  heavy  cannon  wer* 
heard  and  our  men  pushed  forward  :  but  before  they  camf 
within  reach  of  the  guns  General  Taylor  ordered  them  t< 
halt.  It  seems  that  some  lancers  came  out  of  the  city 
and  endeavored  to  draw  our  men  within  reach  of  the  shot 
When  our  advance  halted  the  enemy  opened  upon  us  ii 


30  BATTLES    OF  MEXICO. 

earnest.  The  third  shot  went  directly  over  General  Taylor's 
staff,  coming  very  near  him.  Our  troops  encamped  three 
miles  from  the  city.  The  city  seemed  to  be  well  fortified 
and  it  was  feared  that  our  small  guns  would  not  be  effectual 
against  the  large  ones  of  the  enemy.  It  was  concluded 
that  our  men  must  take  the  big  guns  of  the  Ciiemy  and 
turn  them  against  themselves.  The  town  was  thoroughly 
reconnoitered  on  all  sides  and  our  men  were  frequently 
tired  upon.  General  Taylor  decided  to  send  Genera. 
Worth  to  take  possession  of  the  road  to  Saltilloj  and  storm 
the  heights  at  the  west  part  of  the  city.  This  di  ioion,  in 
eluding  Colonel  Hay's  regiment,  and  Captains  McCul 
lough's  and  Gillepie's  rangers,  moved  off  according  to  order. 


BATTLE  OF  MONTEREY. 


Sept.20th?  (1846),  about  noon.  The  works  comma ndiig 
the  approaches  to  the  city,  are  the  Bishop's  Palace  and  & 
fort  on  a  height  commanding  it  on  the  west:  the  citadei 
on  the  north  and  several  detached  redoubts  on  the  east. 
The  streets  were  barricaded.  In  the  afternoon  a  battery 
was  commenced  for  the  mortar,  and  during  the  night  the 
mortar  and  two  twenty-four  pouiid  howitzers  were  estab 
lished.  An  express  from  General  Worth*  arrived  the  same 


BATTLES    C.      MEXICO.  3J 

night,  stating  that  he  had  arrived  at  his  position,  and  would 
storm  two  heights  southwest  of  the  castle  before  storming 
the  heights  directly  west  of  it. 

Sept.  21st  at  7  A.  M.,  the  first  and  volunteer  divisions 
were  ordered  to  advance  towards  the  city.  Our  mortar  and 
howitzer  batteries  opened  ;  but  did  not  have  much  effect. 
Taylor  directed  the  tirst  division  to  move  to  the  east  of  the 
city  to  support  Majoi  Mansfield  in  reconnoitring  the  ene 
mies'  works.  The  division  was  under  the  command  ot 
Colonel  Garland,  4th  Infantry,  and  went  into  action  with 
the  3rd  Infantry  und^r  Major  Lear,  4th  Brigade  under  Col 
onel  Wilson  consisting  of  the  1st  Infantry  under  Major 
Abercrombie  and  the  Baltimore  division  under  Colonel  Wat- 
son,  and  Bragg's  and  Ridgeley's  batteries.  Major  Mansfield 
was  the  first  to  commence  the  action.  Company  C.,  3rd 
Infantry,  under  Lieutenant  Hazlitt,  was  reinforced  by  com 
pany  R.  qd  Tnfar  -y  under  Cap*.  Field  The  divisicr. 
was  formed  in  line  jf  battle  out  of  reach  of  the  guns  of 
the  enemy,  and  was  then  ordered  to  advance  by  Lieuteii 
ant  Pope  and  Colonel  Kinney,  and  go  into  the  city  an« 
storm  battery  No.  1,  at  the  eastern  end.  The  battery  opene*. 
upon  the  division  anJ  the  first  shot  struck  in  front  of  our 
line  and  ricoched  over  us.  We  were  fired  upon  from  the 
citadel.  Our  men  hi  the  midst  of  these  shots,  pushed  rap 
idly  onward  five  hundred  yards  and  rushed  into  the  streets. 
Not  turning  soon  enough  to  the  left  an  unperceived  batter) 
opened  upon  us  a  deadly  fire  and  balls  flew  from  house-tops, 
yards,  and  from  every  direction  upon  us.  Many  of  our 
men  were  cut  down.  Major  Barbour  was  the  first  officer 
who  fell.  An  escopet  ball  passed  through  his  heart.  Our 
men  retired  into  another  street,  under  cover  of  some  walls 
and  houses.  Lieutenant  Bragg's  battery  now  arrived  and 
came  into  the  street  but  could  not  effect  much.  Finally  we 


BATTLES    OF    MEXICO.  33 

were  directed  to  retire  in  order  and  make  an  attack  from 
some  other  point.  Capt.  Backus  of  the  1st  Infantry,  succeeded, 
with  fifty  men,  in  stationing  himself  in  a  tan  yard  about  a 
hundred  and  thirty  yards  in  the  rear  of  the  battery  No.  1, 
and  nearer  the  town.  There  was  a  shed  with  a  wall  which 
nerved  as  a  breast  work  for  our  men.  Twenty  yards 
southwest  of  the  battery  was  a  distillery  with  thick  walls, 
on  the  top  of  which  were  sand  bag  embrasures.  Capt. 
Backus  drove  the  enemy  from  this.  Two  companies  ol 
the  4th  Infantry  (90  strong)  moved  forward  under  a  ter 
rible  fire,  and  determined  to  storm  a  work  defended  by  five 
hundred  men. 

Now  the  Mississippi  and  Tennessee  regiments,  under 
General  Quitman,  advanced  and  finally  took  possession  of 
the  battery,  after  great  loss.  This  was  severe  fighting. 
Major  Lear  was  severely  wounded,  Lieut.  D.  S.  Irwin  killed, 
Capt.  G.  P.  Field  killed  by  lancers,  Lieutenants  Hoskins 
and  Woods  were  killed  and  Lieutenant  Graham  mortally 
wounded.  Major  Abercrombie  and  Capt.  La  Motte  were 
slightly  wounded.  Lieut.  Dillworth  lost  a  leg  and  Lieut. 
Ferret  was  taken  prisoner. 

The  division  was  ordered  to  the  captured  battery  to  sup- 
port  Ridgely's  battery,  about  to  advance  into  the  city.  Our 
men  had  the  mortar  and  three  twenty-four-pound  howit 
zers  playing  upon  the  city  and  one  of  them  having  been 
taken  to  the  captured  work  was  firing  upon  Fort  Diablo.  A 
body  of  men,  from  the  3rd  and  4th  Infantry,  of  one  hundred 
and  fifty,  were  now  ordered  to  enter  the  city  and  take  pos 
session  of  a  work  of  the  enemy,  apparently  a  few  streets 
distant.  They  were  exposed  to  a  most  destructive  fire;  but 
moved  on,  taking  advantage  of  every  shelter  in  their  way, 
Oapt.  L.  N.  Morris,  3rd  Infantry  was  commander.  Our 
men  crossed  one  street  and  were  fully  exposed  to  the  £«ns 

3 


34 


BATTLES    OF    MEXICO. 


mounted  in  barette  of  a  "  tete  de  pont,"  commanding  th« 
passage  of  El  Puente  Purissima.  We  passed  through  sev 
eral  gardens  and  streets  and  finally  reached  a  slight  shelter. 
There  was  a  stream  before  us  and  the  enemy  in  force  with 
three  pieces  of  artillery  on  the  opposite  bank,  so  that  we 
could  not  go  any  farther.  All  the  streets  seemed  to  be 
blockaded  and  every  house  fortified.  Capt.  Morris  received 
a  mortal  wound  at  the  bridge  and  CapL  W.  S.  Henry  took 
the  command.  Lieutenant  Hazlitt  soon  fell.  At  last,  our 
cartridges  being  nearly  exhausted,  we  were  commanded  to 
retire,  in  order,  to  our  captured  works.  At  one  time,  after 
day-light,  we  were  obliged  to  lay  flat  nearly  an  hour,  the 
balls  came  so  thick.  Lieutenant  Ridgelyj  with  a  section  of* 
his  battery,  advanced  to  the  street  leading  to  the  "tete  de 
pont,"  but  finding  his  fire  entirely  ineffectual,  retired.  Lieut. 
Bragg  put  to  flight,  with  his  battery  a  show  of  a  charge  of 
lancers.  Our  men  had  not  been  able  to  take  any  dinner  or 
supper  and  the  night  was  cold  and  rainy.  We  had  mounted 
on  battery  No.  lr  one  twelve  pounder,  one  nine,  two  sixes* 
and  one  howitzer,  in  all,  five  pieces. 

While  these  scenes  were  transpiring  under  the  eye  of  Gen- 
tral  Taylor,  Gen.  Worth  was  moving  towards  the  Saltillo 
road.  A  large  body  of  cavalry  and  Infantry  opposed  him. 
and  charged  upon  our  men.  They  were  met  by  the  bat 
talion  of  light  troops  under  Capt  C.  T.  Smith  and  Capt 
McCulloughs  company  of  Rangers.  The  first  squadron  of 
the  enemy  were  mixed  in  with  our  advance  when  the  sec 
ond  came  furiously  rushing  on.  Lieut.  Hays,  of  Duncan's 
battery,  poured  in  among  them  round  shot,  which  passed 
over  the  heads  of  our  men,  and  the  enemy  were  dispersed 
with  a  loss  of  about  one  hundred,  and  among  them,  one 
Colonel.  Our  men  marched  round  nearly  two  miles  to  the 
west  end  of  the  town,  under  a  heavy  fire  from  "  Indepen- 


BATTLES    OF    MEXICO  -r, 

dence  Hill,"  situated  west  of  the  palace  and  from  •'  Federa 
cion  Hill,"  between  which  heights,  the  Saltillo  road  runs. 
Now  General  Worth  determined  to  storm  Federacion  Hill, 
and  Capt.  C.  F.  Smrth,  2d  Artillery  with  three  hundred 
men,  half  regulars  and  the  rest  Texans,  under  Major  Che 
valier,  undertook  the  dangerous  enterprise.  Capt.  Miles 
with  the  7th  Infantry  marched  soon  after  to  his  support. 
As  Capt.  Miles'  command  advanced,  it  was  not  observed  by 
the  enemy  until  it  had  reached  the  small  stream  (Arroyo 
Topa)  south  of  the  city,  along  the  base  of  the  hill  on  which 
the  battery  is  situated.  As  soon  as  discovered,  they  were 
continually  fired  upon  by  the  enemy,  but  without  much 
effect.  Our  men  crossed  the  river  and  formed  on  a  point  of 
rock  out  of  reach  of  the  enemy.  Detachments  wert 
then  sent  forward  under-  Lieutenants  Grant,  Little,  and 
Gardner  to  divert  the  enemy  from  Capt.  Smiths'  command. 
Colonel  Smith  of  the  2d  brigade,  came  up  with  the  5th 
Infantry  and  ordered  Capt.  Miles  with  the  7th  to  assist  hint 
in  an  attack  on  Fort  Soldado,  a  temporary  breastwork  a 
little  south  east  of  Federacion  Hill.  They  moved  on  and 
found  that  Capt.  Smith  had  already  got  possession  of  it.  The 
2d  Brigade  formed  and  advanced  amid  a  shower  of  balls, 
and  when  within  a  hundred  yards,  made  a  charge  at  double 
quick  step.  The  enemy  fled  in  all  directions.  The  left 
wing  of  the  7th  entered  the  redoubt  with  that  of  the  5th. 
Many  of  the  Louisiana  volunteers  tnder  Capt.  Blanchard, 
and  the  Texan  Rangers  were  up  with  the  advanc?,  all  fear 
lessly  striving  to  be  the  first  to  meet  the  enemy.  Colonel 
Smith  appointed  Capt.  Smith  to  retain  possession  of  the  first 
height  stormed,  and  Capt  Miles  with  the  7th,  the  last.  Capt 
Scott  with  the  5th  Infantry,  was  to  move  on  the  same 
ridge  farther  east.  The  second  Brigade  held  their  position 
during  the  afternoon  and  night  of  the  21st.  The  7th  In 


36 


BATTLES     OF    MEXICO. 


fantry  were  exposed  to  the  fire  from  the  Bishop's  Palace 
several  hours  •  but  Lieut.  Dana  of  the  7th  infantry,  with 
his  captured  gun,  returned  the  fire  with  some  effect. 

Those  who  occupied  battery  No.  1,  at  the  eastern  ex 
tremity  of  the  city,  at  day-break,  (Sept.  22d,)  were  obliged 
to  lie  flat  in  the  mud  to  shield  themselves  from  the  sharp 
firing  from  Fort  Diablo.  Shells,  fired  from  the  citadel, 
fell  all  around  our  men,  though  none  burst  in  the  work.  Lieut, 
Scarrett  was  laboring  to  put  the  battery  and  distillery  in 
a  better  state  of  defence.  Capt.  Bainbridge  had  command 
of  the  3rd  Infantry  in  the  morning.  A  portion  of  Colonel 
Davis's  regiment,  under  General  Quitman,  relieved  the 
1st,  3rd  and  4th  Infantry,  and  the  Kentucky  regiment. 
In  returning  to  camp,  our  men  received  a  destructive  fire 
from  the  batteries  of  the  enemy,  crosswise.  One  poor  fel 
low,  a  corporal  in  the  4th  Infantry,  was  cut  in  two.  Gen. 
Worth's  attack  upon  the  height,  commanding  the,  Bishop's 
Palace,  at  day-break,  (Sept.  22d.)  was  fierce  and  successful. 
The  force  consisted  of  artillery  and  infantry  under  Colonel 
Childs  and  some  Texans  under  Colonel  Hays.  The  party 
moved  up  the  hill  and  at  the  same  time  Capt.  Miles,  with  a 
small  force,  descended  towards  the  palace  and  gave  three 
cheers  to  divert  the  enemy.  In  return  they  received  a 
shower  of  grape.  The  enemy,  at  the  castle,  being  checked 
so  that  they  could  not  aid  their  flying  forces,  the  height 
was  carried  with  little  loss.  '  Capt.  Gillespie  first  entered 
the  breastwork  and  fell  mortally  wounded.  General  Worth 
soon  sent  the  5th  Infantry,  Capt.  Smith's  command  and 
Capt.  Blanchard's  Louisiana  volunteers,  to  reinforce  Colo 
nel  Childs.  Lieut.  Roland  soon  placed  a  howitzer  in  po 
sition  and  blazed  away  at  the  castle  with  much  effect.  A 
light  corps  of  artillery,  under  Capt.  Vinton,  Blanchard's 
company  and  some  Texans  were  on  the  left  of  the  hillr 


BATTLES    OF  MEXICO.  37 

arid  fired  continually.  The  fire  was  briskly  returned  by 
the  enemy. 

About  noon,  the  Mexican  cavalry  deployed  before  the 
palace  and  endeavored  to  charge  upon  our  skirmishers. 
Our  men  pursued  them,  under  Vinton,  with  terrible  effect. 
Many  of  the  enemy  were  kept  from  entering  the  castle 
again,  as  our  men  rushed  in  through  every  opening',  and 
drove  the  enemy  before  them.  Lieutenant  Ayers  was  the 
first  to  enter,  pull  down  the  Mexican  flag,  and  raise  the  star 
spangled  banner. 

After  the  castle  was  taken,  General  Worth  moved  down 
his  forces  from  the  hill  and  the  amunition  train  the 
ranch  of  the  Saltillo  road  and  remained  in  the  castle  dur 
ing  the  night  of  Sept.  22nd.  He,  however,  ordered  the 
5th  Infantry  and  Blanchard's  company  to  return  to  thf- 
redoubt  on  the  hill  where  were  stationed  the  7th  Infantry. 

Sept.  23d,  at  7  o'clock  in  the  morning  General  Worth 
opened  upon  the  town,  from  the  castle,  with  the  enemy's 
own  guns,  as  he  intended  to  do  when  he  first  approached 
the  city.  A  report  was  raised  that  the  enemy  were  endeav 
oring  to  escape  and  the  whole  command  were  out  imme 
diately  marching  towards  them. 

It  was  now  expected  every  moment,  that  the  city  would 
capitulate ;  but  they  held  out  and  fought  like  tigers.  At 
the  east  end  of  the  city  the  firing  commenced  briskly,  the 
same  morning  at  day-break.  The  Texan  cavalry  under 
Colonel  Woods,  had  dismounted,  and  with  the  Mississip- 
pians,  under  Colonel  Davis,  were  engaged  with  the  enemy. 
The  Mississippians  very  early  took  possession  of  Fort 
Diablo,  without  any  opposition,  as  the  enemy  had  aban 
doned  it  the  preceding  evening.  This  was  the  place 
from  which,  on  the  21st  and  22d,  our  men  had  received 
such  a  destructive  fire.  This  force  under  General  Quit 


38  BATTLES    OF    MEXICO. 

man,  drove  the  enemy  before  them  from  house  to   house, 
shooting  them  wherever  they  saw  one  of  their  heads  pro 
jecting. 

Bragg's  battery  was  now  ordered  into  the  city  and  tne 
3rd  Infantry  ordered  to  support  it.  They  moved  forward, 
and  when  they  came  within  range  of  the  enemy's  guns 
of  the  citadel,  they  crossed  the  field  of  fire  at  full  gallop 
and  were  unharmed.  The  3d  went  under  cover,  in  a  cir 
cuitous  route.  On  their  arrival  in  the  city  they  found  it 
cleared  of  the  enemy  on  a  line  with  the  cathedral,  and 
within  two  squares  of  it.  This  edifice  was  in  the  main- 
plaza,  where  the  enemy  had  been  concentrated.  Much 
bravery  was  manifested  by  General's  Quitman,  Hender 
son,  Lamar,  and  Colonels  Wood  and  Davis.  Several 
were  wounded  and  a  few  killed.  Bragg's  battery  was 
in  action  with  them  during  the  remainder  of  the  day. 
The  fighting  was  not  so  severe  as  it  was  on  the  21st,  ex 
cept  in  the  street  running  directly  from  the  cathedral.  It 
could  not  be  crossed  without  passing  through  a  shower  of 
bullets.  One  of  Bragg's  pieces  had  little  effect  in  this  street 
as  the  weight  of  metal  was  too  light.  Bragg's  first  ser 
geant  by  the  name  of  Weightman,  was  shot  while 
pointing  the  gun.  Our  men  could  only  cross,  without 
great  danger  of  being  shot,  excepting  when  our  piece 
was  pointed  at  the  enemy.  Then  the  Mexicans  would  fall 
behind  their  barricade  and  our  men  would  cross  in  squads. 
As  soon  as  our  piece  was  fired  the  balls  of  the  enemy 
came  down  the  street  like  a  shower  af  hickory  nuts. 

General  Taylor  was  in  town  entirely   regardless  of  his 

person  in  the  midst  of  danger.     This  was  very  imprudent 

nd  wrong.     He  even  crossed  the  street  where   so  many 

hfells  were  continually  passing,   and   crossed   in  a  walk. 

A  commanding  officer  ought  to  look  out   for  himself  and 


BATTLES    OF    MEXICO.  39 

army  better  than  that.  Taylor  was  brave  to  the  back 
lone,  but  imprudent.  Capt  Henry  reminded  him  that  he 
ought  to  retire  to  a  safer  position  ;  but  he  said  u  TAKE 
TH  \T  AXE  AND  KNOCK  IN  THAT  DOOR."  Our  men  commenced 
on  the  door  and  the  occupant  unlocked  and  opened  it,  and 
behold  it  was  an  extensive  apothecary  shop.  The  doctor 
(vSan  Juan)  treated  his  visitors  to  ripe  limes  and  cool  waier. 
He  said  that  Ampudia  was  in  the  Plaza  with  four  thousand 
men,  and  that  two  thousand  were  in  the  citadel.  One  door 
was  burst  open  and  we  saw  five  genteel  looking  women  who 
were  on  their  knees  with  crucifixes  pleading  for  mercy. 
They  were  very  grateful  when  they  found  that  their  throats 
were  not  to  be  cut.  General  Taylor  expected  that  Gene 
ral  Worth  would  commence  throwing  shells  into  the  city, 
in  the  afternoon,  and  perceiving  that  the  field  pieces  were 
of  little  use,  ordered  these  forces  to  retire  to  camp.  During 
the  day  (23rd)  the  enemy  sent  in  a  flag  of  truce,  requesting 
a  cessation  of  hostilities,  that  the  women  and  children 
might  be  removed.  Old  Rough  and  Ready  said,  "  No,  it 
was  too  late."  It  was  reported  that  some  of  the  enemy 
were  leaving  on  pack  mules,  and  undoubtedly  many  others 
would  have  left,  had  not  General  Worth  taken  possession  of 
the  Saltillo  Road.  General  Worth  on  the  west  side  of  the 
city,  ordered  a  heavy  gun  under  Capt.  Chapman's  company 
t>  open  on  the  city.  This  firing  drove  the  enemy  from 
their  lines  bordering  on  the  river..  About  10  A.  M.  the  7th 
Infantry  left  the  redoubt  and  joined  Gen.  Worth,  at  the 
palace,  for  the  purpose  of  entering  the  city.  The  enemy 
did  not  make  so  great  a  resistance  at  the  west  part  of  the 
town  as  at  the  east  where  they  were  in  a  larger  body,  and 
our  men  did  not  suffer  so  much  in  the  former  as  in  the  latter 
position.  There  was  some  loss,  however.  Capt.  M.  Kavett. 
of  the  8th  Infantry,  while  marching  around  the  base  of  the 


40  BATTLES    OF    MEXICO. 

hill,  on  the  morning  of  the  21st,  was  killed.  Lieut.  Potter  7th 
Infantry,  while  storming  the  redoubt,  was  wounded.  Lieut. 
Rossell  was  wounded  in  the  attack  upon  the  palace.  Major 
Brown's  company  of  artillery,  Capt.  Blanchard's  company  and 
some  Texan  Rangers,  with  a  piece  from  McKall's  battery, 
were  ordered  to  march  under  Brown  arid  take  possession  of  a 
mill  on  the  road  to  Saltillo,  in  order  to  cut  off  retreat.  The 
city  had  been  reconnoitered  by  Lieutenant,  Meade  and  Capt. 
McCullough.  They  found  that  the  city  had  been  cleared 
of  the  enemy  as  far  as  the  Plaza  in  which  was  the  ceme 
tery.  Capt.  Miles,  with  three  companies  w  as  ordered  to 
take  possession  of  the  street  nearest  the  river.  Col 
onel  Stanniford  was  to  take  posession  of  the  next  street 
north.  Both  parties,  the  first  under  the  direction  of  Capt. 
Holmes,  and  the  second,  under  Capt.  Scriven,  moved  on 
and  took  possession  of  the  cemetery,  without  a  shot  from 
the  enemy.  Loop  holes  had  been  made  in  the  walls  and 
they  had  been  prepared  for  defence.  A  piece  of  artillery  fol 
lowed  each  of  these  commands.  Then  came  Colonel  Childs 
with  the  Artillery  Battalion  and  Capt.  Miles  with  the  remain 
der  of  the  7th  and  a  company  of  the  8th  Infantry.  The  last 
was  designed  to  protect  the  amunition  train  sent  round  byGen. 
Taylor.  Major  Monroe  and  Lieut.  Lovell  soon  placed  the 
mortar  in  position.  Captains  Holmes  and  Scriven,  with 
their  forces  marched  through  the  same  streets  to  a  square 
in  advance  of  the  cemetery  and  soon  commenced  with  the 
enemy.  Colonel  Childs  followed  the  street  upon  which  was 
situated  a  large  Plaza.  Capt.  Gatlin  of  the  7th 

was  now  wounded.  Our  troops  were  soon  under  cover  of 
walls  and  were  reinforced  by  two  companies  of  the  5th 
under  Capt  Merrill,  and  finally  by  three  more  under  Major 
Scott.  The  column  in  the  next  street  under  Colonel  Smith 
were  now  shortly  engaged  with  the  enemy.  Capt.  Holmes 


BATTLES    OF   MEXICO  41 

was  aided  by  Texaiis  under  Walker,  and  found  his  way 
through  gardens  and  houses  until  he  came  very  near  the 
enemy  in  Cathedral  Plaza.  Lieut.  Colonel  Duncan  was 
sweeping  the  street  with  his  battery.  Major  Brown  was 
ordered  to  join  the  Texans  in  the  Plaza  and  aid  Col.  Childs. 
They  worked  their  way  towards  the  enemy  with  pickaxes, 
and  soon  came  up  with  them,  and  cracked  away.  Night 
came  on  and  our  men  kept  possession  of  the  houses  taken, 
excepting  Capt.  Holmes  who  thought  best  to  go  back  a  little 
as  he  was  far  in  advance  and  had  many  wounded.  Our 
troops  in  the  Plaza  took  possession  of  the  houses  on  both 
sides  and  rested  till  morning.  Lieutenant  Lovell  threw  shells 
into  the  city  during  the  night  with  great  effect,  and  the 
enemy  returned  the  compliment  from  their  howitzers. 
Lieutenant  Gardner  of  the  7th,  manifested  much  bravery 
in  leading  the  advance  with  ladders  and  pickaxes.  At 
one  time  nearly  all  of  his  men  were  killed  or  wounded. 

After  reveille,  on  the  morning  of  Sept.  24th,  General 
Ampudia  sent  Colonel  Murino  into  our  camp  with  a  flag  of 
truce,  and  an  offer  to  surrender  the  city,  if  General  Taylor 
would  allow  him  to  march  out  with  his  troops  and  all  the 
public  property.  Of  course  when  the  city  was  nearly  in 
our  hands,  such  an  offer  was  declined-  But  General  Tay 
lor  sent  back  his  terms,  saying  that  an  answer  would  b€ 
received  at  General  Worth's  headquarters  at  12  M.  Mu 
rino  said  that  he  had  been  informed  that  commissioners 
had  been  appointed  to  negotiate  for  peace  and  that  no  rein 
forcements  would  be  sent  them,  and  that  it  would  cost  us 
two  thirds  of  our  command  to  take  the  city,  if  we  could  do 
it  at  all.  The  action  was  to  commence  again  if  terms  were 
not  agreed  upon. 

The  commissioners  on  our  side  were  Generals  Worth  and 
Henderson  and  Colonel  Davis.  On  the  other  side  they 


42  BATTLES     OF   MEXICO. 

were,  Manuel  M.   Llano,  T.  Requena,  and   Ortega.     The 
following  are  the  terms : 

Terms  of  the    Capitulation  of  the   City   of  Monterey,    the 
Capital  of  Nutva  Leon,  agreed  upon  by  the  undersigned 
Commissioners,  to-wit:     General    Worth,  of  the   United 
States  army  ;    General  Henderson,  of  the    Texan   Vol 
unteers  ;  and   Colonel  Davis  of  the  Mississippi  Riflemen, 
on  the  part  of  Major-general  Taylor,  commanding  in  chief 
of  the   United  States  forces  ;  and    General  Requena  and 
General    Ortega,  of  the  anny  of  Mexico,    and    Senor 
Manuel  M.  Llano,  Governor  of  Nueva  Leon,  on  the  part 
of  Senor  General  Don  Pedro   Ampudia,  commanding  in 
chief  of  the  army  of  North  Mexico. 
ARTICLE  1.  As  the  legitimate  result  of  the  operations 
before  this  place,  and  the  present  position  of  the  contending 
armies,  it  is  agreed  that  the  city,  the   fortifications,  cannon, 
the  munitions  of  war,   and  all  other  public   property,  with 
the  undermentioned  exceptions,  be  surrendered  to  the  com 
manding  general  of   the  United    States   forces    now  at 
Monterey. 

ARTICLE  2.  That  the  Mexican  forces  be  allowed  the  fol 
lowing  arms,  to-wit :  The  commissioned  officers,  their  side 
arms;  the  Infantry,  their  arms  and  accoutrements;  the 
cavalry,  their  artillery,  one  field  battery,  not  to  exceed  six 
pieces,  with  twenty-one  rounds  of  amunition. 

ARTICLE  3.  That  the  Mexican  armed  forces  retire  within 
seven  days  from  date,  beyond  the  line  formed  by  the  pass 
of  the  Rinconada,  the  city  of  Linares,  and  San  Fernado  de 
Pusos. 

ARTICLE  4.  That  the  citadel  of  Monterey  be  evacuated 
by  the  Mexican  and  occupied  by  the  American  forces  to 
morrow  at  10  o'clock. 


BATTLES    OF  MEXICO.  43 

ARTICLE  5.  To  avoid  collisions,  and  for  mutual  conveni 
ence,  that  the  troops  of  the  United  States  will  not  occupy 
the  city  until  the  Mexican  forces  have  withdrawn,  except 
for  hospital  and  storage  purposes. 

ARTICLE  6.  That  the  force  of  the  United  States  will  not 
advance  beyond  the  line  specified  in  the  third  article  before 
the  expiration  of  eight  week,  or  until  the  orders  of  the  res 
pective  governments  can  be  received. 

ARTICLE  7.  That  the  public  property  to  be  delivered  shall 
be  turned  over  and  received  by  the  commanding  generals 
of  the  two  armies. 

ARTICLE  8.  That  all  doubts  as  to  the  meaning  of  any  of 
the  preceding  articles  shall  be  solved  by  an  equitable  con 
struction,  and  on  the  principles  of  liberality  to  the  retiring 
army. 

ARTICLE.  9.  That  the  Mexican  flag,  when  struck  at  the 
citadel,  may  be  saluted  by  its  own  battery. 
W.    J.  WORTH, 

Brigadier  General  United  States  Army. 
J.  PINKNEY  HENDERSON, 
Major-General  com'g  Texan  Volunteers. 
JEFFERSON  DAVIS, 
Colonel  Mississippi  Riflemen. 
J.  M.  ORTEGA, 
T.  REQUENA, 
MANUEL  >M.  LLANO, 

A  ,      (  PEDRO  AMPUDIA, 

Approved,    j  z  TAYLORj  Maj>  Gen>  s>  A  com,g< 

Dated  at  Monterey,  September  24th,  1846. 

Our  troops  were  commanded  during  the  imposing  cere 
mony  by  Colonel  P.  F.  Smith.  When  the  Mexican  flag 
was  lowered,  they  fired  a  salute  of  eight  .guns.  When 
our  flag  was  raised  twenty  eight  guns  were  fired  from  the 


44  BATTLES    OF    MCXlCO. 

Bishop's  Palace.  Our  troops  marched  into  the  city  to  the 
tune  of  Yankee  Doodle.  Thus  ended  one  of  the  severest 
battles  ever  fought  on  the  continent.  The  Mexicans, 
in  all  of  the  battles  with  us  have  fought  more  desperately, 
*rom  the  fact  that  our  forces  were  so  very  few,  compared 
with  theirs.  They  were  ashamed  to  be  beaten  by  such 
an  inferior  force.  We  have  believed  from  the  first  that  an 
army  of  fifty  thousand  men  could  have  marched  to  the 
capital  of  Mexico  without  shedding  a  drop  of  blood. 
How  awful  the  idea  of  ushering  such  multitudes  of  im. 
mortal  souls  into  the  presence  of  their  Maker,  in  such  a 
manner !  General  Ampudia  had  about  ten  thousand  men 
in  action,  seven  thousand  of  whom  were  regulars.  Our 
force  consisted  of  four  hundred  and  twenty-five  officers 
and  six  thousand  two  hundred  and  twenty  men.  We 
lost  twelve  officers  and  one  hundred  and  eight  men  killed  ; 
twenty-six  officers,  and  three  hundred  and  seven  privates 
were  wounded.  The  loss  of  the  enemy  was  thought  to 
have  exceeded  ours.  Our  men  captured  forty-two  pieces 
of  artillery  and  one  eighteen-pounder.  The  munitions  of 
war  captured  from  the  enemy  were  immense.  The  fol 
lowing  is  a  list  of  the  officers  killed. 

Captain  Williams  Topographical  Engineers ;  1st  Infan 
try,  Lieutenant  J.  C.  Terrett,  Lieutenant  R.  Dilworth ;  3d 
Infantry,  Captains  L.  N.  Morris,  G.  P.  Field,  and  Brevet 
Major  P.  N.  Barbour,  Lieutenants  D.  S.  Irwin  and  R. 
Hazlitt;  4th  Infantry,  Lieutenant  C.  Hoskins,  Brevet 
Lieutenant  J.  S.  Wood,  2d  infantry  (serving  with  the  4th) ; 
8th  Infantry,  Captain  H.  M'Kavett ;  Baltimore  Battalion, 
Colonel  Watson  ;  1st  Ohio,  Lieutenant  Hett ;  1st  Tennes 
see,  Captain  Allen,  Lieutenant  Putnam ;  Captain  Gillespie, 
Texan  Rangers.  Wounded  :  Major-general  Butler,  Major 
Mansfield  ;  1st  Infantry,  Major  J.  S.  Abercrombie,  Captain 


BATTLES     OF    MEXICO.  45 

J.  H.  Lamotte;  3d  Infantry.  Major  W.  W.  Lear,  Captain 
H.  Bainbridge ;  4th  Infantry,  Lieut.  R.  H.  Graham ;  5th 
Infantry  N.  B.  Rossell ;  7th  Infantry,  Capt.  R.  C.  Gatlin, 
Lieutenaut  J.  Potter ;  8th  Infantry,  Lieutenant  G.  Wain- 
wright ;  1st  Ohio,  Colonel  Mitchell,  Captain  George,  Lieu 
tenants  Armstrong,  Niles,  Morter,  McCarty ;  1st  Tennessee, 
Major  Alexander,  Lieutenants  Allen,  Scudder,  and  Nixon  ; 
1st  Mississippi,  Lieutenant  Colonel  M'Clung,  Captain 
Downing,  Lieutenants  Cook  and  Arthur. 

It  is  astonishing  that  the  city  could  be  taken  at  all  by 
so  few.  The  citadel  is  a  regular  bastion  work  with  revet 
ments  of  solid  masonry,  with  thirty-four  embrasures. 
Inside  are  the  remnants  of  an  unfinished  cathedral,  which  is 
itself  a  work  of  defence.  Two  magazines  were  discovered, 
with  ammunition  enough  to  have  fired  at  us  for  a  month.  In 
nearly  every  street  were  works  of  defence.  Barricades  over 
lapped  each  other,  and  ditches  were  dug  in  front,  and  every 
house  seemed  to  be  a  fortification.  On  the  eastern  part  of 
the  city  there  were  barricades  defending  each  other,  and  it  is 
surprising  that  Worth's  division  who  operated  there,  were 
not  all  cut  to  pieces.  The  Bishop's  Palace  has  two  or  three 
heavy  guns  mounted,  in  Barbette,  pointing  towards  the 
city.  There  were  many  fortifications  around  the-  city, 
Making  it  a  perfect  Gibraltar. 

Sept.  26th,  the  enemy  were  seen  in  great  numbers 
mounted  on  every  thing  that  looked  like  a  horse,  from  the 
mustang  to  the  donkey,  preparing  to  follow  the  army. 
Ampudia  left  on  the  25th  with  two  divisions.  The  troops 
of  the  enemy  had  left  the  city  before  the  close  of  the  first 
week  in  October.  General  Worth  and  his  division  occu 
pied  the  city,  and  Capt.  Miles  was  his  executive  officer.  The 
Governor  of  the  city  was  allowed  to  go  on  as  usual,  except 
ing  that  he  was  required  to  furnish  supplies  for  our  army,  for 


46 


BATTLES    OF  MEXICO. 


which  we  were  to  pay  cash.  Several  deserters  were  ob 
served  in  the  ranks  of  the  enemy,  among  which  was  Riley, 
who  was  appointed  a  captain  in  the  artillery  of  the  enemy. 
Immediately  after  the  battle,  the  Texas  troops  were  dis 
charged. 

When  Ampudia  reached  Saltillo,  he  issued  a  proclama 
tion,  declaring  that  he  had  repulsed  us  with  a  loss  of  fifteen 
hundred  men,  on  the  21st,  that,  being  scarce  of  amunition 
and  provisions,  a  conference  was  held  on  the  24th  and  terms 
were  agreed  to,  which  saved  their  honor  and  they  marched 
out  with  their  arms.  That  Santa  Anna  was  coming  and 
then  they  would  see  who  would  be  the  conquerors. 

On  the  16th  of  August,  General  Santa  Anna  arrived  at 
Vera  Cruz,  and  was  allowed  to  land,  as  our  governmen 
thought  that  he  would  use  his  best  exertions  to  bring 
about  a  peace ;  but  the  duplicity  of  the  Mexican  character 
must  be  learned  by  sad  experience.  His  proclamation,  on 
the  day  of  his  arrival,  told  his  warlike  intentions.  He  was 
immediately  invested  with  the  command  of  the  army, 
while  General  Salas  acted  as  President  of  the  republic.  He 
went  to  San  Luis  Potosi  to  raise  an  army. 

Oct.  12th,  Lieutenant  R.  H.  Graham,  4th  Infantry,  died 
of  his  wcunds  received  Sept.  21st 

It  was  said  that  a  woman  named  Dos  Amades,  com 
manded  a  company  of  Mexican  lancers,  who  fought  des 
perately  and  killed  many  of  our  men. 

Oct.  25th,  Capt.  Ridgely's  horse  fell  with  him  in  Monte 
rey  and  so  injured  him  that  he  died  on  the  27th,  and  was 
buned  with  military  honors  the  next  day.  He  was  a  fine 
officer  and  a  graduate  of  West  Point. 

The  troops  on  the  Rio  Grande  were  under  General  Pat 
terson,  whose  head  quarters  were  at  Camargo.  The  fol- 


BATTLES    OF    MEXICO.  4? 

lowing  were  the  different  regiments,  and  the  mode  of  their 
distribution : 

At  Camargo,  2d  Brigade,  General  Pillow  commanding, 
composed  of  2d  Tennessee,  Colonel  Haskell ;  Alabama, 
Colonel  Coffee ;  Ohio  and  Kentucky  Brigade,  General  Mar 
shall  commanding,  composed  of  the  2d  Kentucky,  Colonel 
McKee,  2d  Ohio,  Col.  Morgan ;  Illinois,  Brigade,  General 
Shields  commanding,  composed  of  3d  Illinois,  Colonel 
Forman,  4th  Illinois,  Colonel  Baker,  2d  Infantry,  Colonel 
Riley. 

At  Reynosa,  Company  H.  2d  Artillery  and  two  compa 
nies  of  the  1st  Indiana,  Captain  Swartwout  commanding. 

Matamoras,  3d  Ohio,  Colonel  Curtis,  Captains  Louds, 
Vanness,  and  Norman's  companies  of  Artillery,  Colonel 
Clarke  commanding. 

Camp  Belknap,  Indiana  Brigade,  General  Lane  com 
manding  ;  2d  Indiana,  Colonel  Bowles,  3d  Indiana,  Colonel 
Lane. 

Mouth  of  the  Rio  Grande,   1st  Indiana,  Colonel  Drake. 

^rasos  Island,   Captain   Porter's  company   of   Artillery. 

Point  Isabel,  one  company  of  Artillery,  Major  Gardner 
commanding 

Nov.  2d,  1846,  orders  were  received  from  Washington, 
directing  General  Taylor  to  announce  to  the  Mexican 
authorities  that  the  armstice  was  broken  up  and  that  we 
were  to  commence  hostilities  with  greater  energy  than  ever 
Major  Graham,  with  a  small  escort  was  dispatched  to  gi>« 
the  information  to  the  Mexican  forces.  General  Patterson 
was  ordered  to  Tampico  with  a  part  of  our  forces  at  Mon 
terey.  General  Worth  was  ordered  with  his  division  except 
ing  the  7th  Infantry,  a  company  of  artillery  and  McKall'a 


^g  BATTLES    OF    MEXICO. 

Battery  and  Colonel  Smith,     to  march  to  Saltillo  on  the 
1 2th  (Nov.) 

Santa  Anna  took  away  the  commissions  and  placed  m 
tonfmement  all  the  principal  officers  of  Ampudia's  army, 
ex  ept  i  g  Mejia  and  Racina.  Parades  had  gone  to  Ha 
vana.  On  the  8th  news  arrived  in  camp  that  Gen.  Wool 
had  arrived  atMonclova  and  would  not  advance  upon  Chi 
huahua  until  further  orders. 

On  the  10th  Major  Graham  returned,  not  having  gone 
farther  than  Saltillo.  He  learned  that  Santa  Anna  was  at 
San  Luis  Poto^i.  with  sixteen  thousand  men,  and  expected 
ux  thousand  more  ;  but  he  was  nearly  destitute  of  funds 
ind  the  army  had  a  scarcity  of  provisions  and  clothing. 

On  the!2th  Mr.  McLane  arrived  from  Washington  order 
ing  our  army  to  take  all  the  towns  between  Monterey  and 
Tampico. 

On  the  13th,  Generals  Taylor  and  Worth  moved  towards 
Satillo,  and  took  possession  of  the  city  on  the  16th.  It  is 
seventy-five  miles  from  Monterey.  Capt.  Harden  with  his 
Dragoons,  was  left  in  the  city. 

On  the  24th  Capt.  Taylor  arrived  from  Camargo,  with 
two  eigh teen-pounders  and  .wo  eight  inch  howitzers.  Gen. 
Shields  and  Col.  Harny,  arrived  from  General  Wool's  com 
nand  on  the  24th.  The  former  is  to  go  to  Tampico  and 
lake  the  command.  Brevet  Major  Buchanan,  4th  Infantry, 
<vas  appointed  to  command  the  Baltimore  Batallion  of  Vol 
unteers.  Col.  Benton  sailed  for  Tampico,  from  Brasos,  with 
six  companies  of  artillery,  about  the  same  time.  Santa 
Anna  destroyed  the  water  tanks  between  Monterey  and 
Tampico.  Seven  Texans  had  been  taken  prisoners  at  Chi 
na,  before  onr  army  reached  Monterey.  General  Taylor 
demanded  their  release.  'Santa  Anna  complied.  They  re- 
poned  that.  Santa  Anna  had  about  27,000  men  at  San 


C  ATT  I.E. 3    OF    MEXICO.  49 

Luis  Potosi.  The  Mexicans  caused  some  of  our  men  most 
ly  English  and  Gennnns,  to  desert,  by  giving  them  $60  each, 
citizens  clothes,  a  horse,  guide  to  the  army,  and  50  cents  to 
drink  the  health  of  Santa  Anna.  Dec.  5th  General  Wool 
was  ordered  to  Parras,  east  of  Satillo.  On  the  2nd  of  Dec. 
Brigadier  General  Thomas  L.  Hamer,  of  Ohio,  died  of  dys 
entery,  and  was  hurried  on  the  4th  with  military  honors. 
He  was  very  much  esteemed. 


NAVAL  BATTLES, 


During  this  time,  the  navy  was  engaged  in  blockading 
Mexican  ports.  The  brig  Tnixton,  commanded  by  Com 
mander  Carpenter,  was  runagiound  on  the  15th  of  August, 
on  the  bar  off  Tuspan,  and  deserted.  Lieut.  Hunter,  with  a 
boat's  crew,  reached  a  vessel  of  the  squadron,  and  the  other 
officers  and  men  surrendered  to  the  enemy.  They  were 
afterwards  exchanged  for  General  La  Vega  and  other  Mex 
ican  officers.  It  was  impossible  to  save  the  vessel  and  she 
was  burned.  An  attempt  had  been  made  to  capture  Alva- 
rado,  and  failed  as  the  vessels  could  not  cross  the  bar.  Oct. 
15th,  another  attempt  was  made  by  the  steamers  Vixen  and 
Me'Lane,  three  gun-boats,  Schooners  Nonata  and  Forward, 
and  steamer  Mississippi,  Commander,  Perry.  The  whole 
commanded  b'r  Commodore  Connor.  There  was  a  battery 

4 


50 


BATTLES    OF    MEXICO, 


at  the  mouth  of  the  river,  mounting  seven  guns.     The  firs* 
division  consisting  of  the  Reefer  and  Bonita,  towed  by  the 
Vixen,  crossed  the  bar  and  engaged  with  the  battery.     The. 
second  division  consisted  of  the  Nonata  Forward  and  Petrel, 
towed  by  the  Mc'Lane.     The  steamer  run  agronnd,  and  the 
others  could  not  be  towed  over.    Commodore  Connor  thought 
it  would  be  useless  to  go  forward  with  one  division  and  re 
tired.    Oct.  16th.  Commodore  Perry  sailed  to  attack  Tobas- 
co  with  the   Vixen,  Capt.  Sands,  schooners  Bonita,   Ber 
ham,  Reefer,  Sterret,  Nonata,  and  Hazard,  schooner   For 
ward,  Capt.   Nones,   and   steamer  Mc'Lane,  Capt.   How 
ard.     Capt.  Forest   had  a  command  of  about  200  marines 
sind  sailors.  He  crossed  the  bar  Oct.  23rd,  and  took,  withuot 
resistance,  Frontera,  capturing  two  steamers,  and  all  the 
vessels  in  port.     Tobasco  is  seventy-four  miles  up  the  river 
from  Frontera.     Our  forces  reached  Fort  Aceachappa,  com 
manding  a  difficult  pass»in  the  river,  Oct.  25th,  and  spiked 
the  cannon,  the  enemy  having  left  the  fort.     The  vessels 
were  all  before  Tobasco  on  the  same  day,  about  noon    The 
town   was  summoned  to   surrender,   but  it  refused.     The 
boats  soon   captured   five  merchant   vessels.     The  vessels 
fired  upon  the  town,  and  Capt.  Forest,  with  his  command 
was  ordered  to  advance  into  the  city.     There  was  a  sharp 
engagement,  and  the  command  were  ordered  back  at  night. 
At  the  desire  of  the  foreign  merchants  the  town  was  spared. 
On  the  26th  they  left  with  their  prizes.     One,  under  Lieut. 
Parker,  grounded  and  was  fired  upon,  but   Parker  defended 
it  and  got  the   vessel  off,  with   one  man   killed   and   two 
wounded.     Lieutenant  Morris  was  wounded  in  carrying  a 
message  to  Lieut.  Parker,  and  died  November  1st. 

This  expedition  captured  two  steamers  and  seven  vessels. 
Nov.  12th,  Commodore  Connor  sailed  for  Tampico,  with 
a  considerable  part  of  the  squadron,  and  on  the  14th  the  cit.» 


BATTLES     OF   MEXICO.  5\ 

surrendered  unconditionally,  without  opposition.  Nov.  20th 
Lieutenant  Parker  with  Midshipman  Rodgers,  and  Hynson 
at  night  with  a  small  boat,  and  crew  of  six  men,  rowed  in 
under  the  guns  of  San  Juan  d'Ullao,  and  burned  the  baric 
Creole,  anchored  there.  This  was  very  daring  and  brave. 
Midshipman  Rodgers,  Doct.  J.  W.  Wright,  and  J.  G.  Fox, 
went  ashore  to  reconnoitre  one  of  the  enemies  magazines,  in 
order  to  destroy  it.  After  they  had  gone  a  little  distance 
from  the  boat  they  were  surrounded  by  seven  Mexicans. 
Dr.  Wright  escaped,  but  the  other  two  were  taken  prisoners. 

The  last  of  August  1846,  by  order  of  the  President,  Brig 
adier  General  J.  E.  Wool  concentrated  an  army  (called  the 
"Central  Division  Army  of  Mexico")  in  Texas,  for  the  pur 
pose  of  moving  against  Chihuahua,  the  capital  of  the  state 
of  the  same  name.  The  command  was  composed  of  the 
1st  Illinois,  Colonel  Hardin,  2nd  Illinois,  Col.  BisselJ ;  six 
companies  of  Arkansas  mounnted  men,  Col.  Yell,  a  compa 
ny  of  Kentucky  volunteers  under  Capt.  Williams  ;  two  com 
panies  of  1st  dragoons,  Capt.  Steen  ;  two  companies  2d 
dragoons,  Major  Beall ;  three  companies  of  6th  Infantry, 
Major  Bonneville,  and  Capt.  Washington's  company  of  horse 
artillery,  in  all  2,829.  The  first  column  moved  from  San 
Antonio  Sept.  26th,  commanded  by  Colonel  Harney,  and  the 
second  column  marched  Oct.  14th,  under  Col.  Churchill. 

Oct.  29th,  the  command  arrived  at  Monclora,  and  took 
possession  without  resistance.  Here  General  Wool  decided 
to  go  no  farther  towards  Chihuahua. 
The  command  from  Monterey  moved  on  towards  San  Luis 
Potosi.  It  was  reported  that  Santa  Anna  was  advancing 
upon  Saltillo  and  a  part  of  our  forces  returned,  Dec.  18th.  to 
Monterey  and  found  that  the  alarm  was  false. 

At  this  time  Salas  was  president  of  the  Mexican  Congress 


52  BATTLES    OF  MEXICO, 

and  had,  in  his   message,  recommended  a  vigorous  prose 
cution  of  the  war. 

Dec.  31st,  the  rear  guard  of  Colonel  May,  in  passing 
from  Labadores  to  Linares,  was  attacked  by  the  enemy  and 
cut  off  together  with  the  baggage  train. 

General  Quitman  took  possession  of  Victoria  on  the  30th? 
without  resistance. 

Just  beyond  San  Pedro,  on  the  way  to  San  Luis  Potos% 
when  our  men  were  passing  through  a  defile  with  high  moun 
tains  each  side,  a  mine  was  sprung  and  showers  of  stones 
thrown  down  among  us  while  we  were  fired  upon  from  the 
other  side.  The  arrieros  deserted  their  mules  and  the  rear 
guard,  consisting  of  eleven  men,  fled.  Colonel  May  dis 
mounted  twenty  men  and  went  through  the  pass.  Only 
an  occasional  shot  was  fired  at  them.  Eleven  men,  twelve 
horses  and  all  the  baggage  were  lost.  At  Tula,  one  hun 
dred  and  fifty  miles  from  Victoria,  towards  San  Luis  Potosi? 
Generals  Valencia  and  Urea,  had  concentrated,  as  was  re 
ported,  Jan.  6th,  a  large  force. 

The  order  was  issued  January  12th,  1847,  to  proceed  to 
Tampico.  We  set  out  on  the  13th.  As  General  Taylor 
was  about  starting,  he  received  orders  from  General  Scott  to 
send  his  whole  command,  excepting  two  batteries  of 
light  artillery,  and  squadron  of  dragoons,  to  Tampico, 
where  Scott  would  meet  them  about  the  first  of  February. 
General  Taylor  was  ordered  to  return  to  Monterey  and  re 
main  on  the  defensive.  He  left  immediately,  taking,  in  ad 
dition  to  the  above  named  forces,  the  1st  Mississippi  regiment. 
Thus  Taylor  was  deprived  of  almost  all  of  his  regulars', 
which  blasted  all  of  his  hopes  in  reference  to  advancing  upon 
San  Luis  Potosi. 

Upon  parting  with  hb  old  veteran  soldiers,  General  Taylor 
said : 


BATTLES   OF    MEXICO. 


53 


<clt  is  with  deep  sensibility  that  the  commanding  general 
finds  himself  separated  from  the  troops  he  so  long  command 
ed.  To  those  corps,  regular  and  volunteer,  who  have  shared 
with  him  the  active  services  of  the  field,  he  feels  the  attach 
ment  due  such  associations ;  while  to  those  making  their 
first  campaign,  he  must  express  his  regret  that  he  can  not 
participate  with  them  in  its  eventful  scenes.  To  all,  both 
officers  and  men,  he  extends  his  heartfelt  wishes  for  their 
continued  success  and  happiness,  confident  that  their  achieve 
ments  on  another  theatre  will  redound  to  the  credit  of  their 
country  and  its  arms." 

General  Scott  reached  the  Brasos,  Dec.  28th,  1846  and 
took  the  command  of  the  army.  Gen.  Worth  was  ordered 
to  more,  with  all  the  regulars,  excepting  Washington's, 
Webster's,  Sherman's  and  Bragg's  batteries,  to  Point  Isabel. 

The  force  that  set  out  for  Tampico,  Jan.  13,  arrived  on 
the  23rd.  General  Taylor  and  his  command,  arrived  at 
Monterey  on  his  return  from  Victoria,  the  last  of  Jan.  1847. 
General  Wool  had  established  a  camp  at  the  rancho.  Tay 
lor  kept  possession  of  Saltillo  and  the  strong  passes  in  ad 
vance  of  it,  and  stationed  his  forces,  at  these  points. 

Jan.  22,  a  scouting  party,  under  Major  Borland  "and 
Gaines,  the  former  of  the  Arkansas  and  the  latter  of  the 
Kentucky  cavalry,  were  surrounded  by  General  Minon 
with  three  thousand  men,  and  captured,  sixty  miles  from 
Saltillo.  Our  men  numbered  sixty-four  privates  and  six 
officers  and  they  were  immediately  marched  off  *to  Mexico. 
This  capture  exhibited  great  carelessness  in  the  officers. 
Capt  Henrie,  a  Texan  Volunteer,  escaped  and  reached  Sal 
tillo  in  safety. 

Jan.  27th  Capt  Heady  with  seventeen  Kentucky  volun 
teers  was  captured  by  the  enemy,  while  on  a  scouting 
party,  without  any  resistance. 


BATTLES    OF    MEXICO 


BATTLE  OF  BUENA  VISTA. 


On  the  5th  of  February,  General  Taylor,  having  heard 
reports  of  the  advancement  of  Santa  Anna  with  a  kwge 
force,  moved  his  head  quarters  eighteen  miles  south  of  Sal- 
tillo,  to  Agua  Nueva.  By  the  8th  all  of  his  army  except 
ing  Major  Warren's  command,  which  was  left  at  Saltillo, 
concentrated  at  that  point.  The  forces  consisted  of  two 
companies  of  the  1st  Dragoons,  under  Captain  Steen  ;  two 
companies  2d  Dragoons,  under  Brevet  Lieutenant-colonel 
May ;  Bragg's  and  Sherman's  hatteries,  3d  Artillery ; 
Washington's  battery,  4th  Artillery  ;  one  regiment  Arkan 
sas  cavalry,  under  Colonel  Yell ;  one  regiment  of  Ken 
tucky  cavalry,  under  Colonel  Marshall ;  2d  Kentucky  fool 
under  Colonel  M'Kee ;  1st  Regiment  Mississippi  Rifles,  un 
der  Colonel  Davis ;  3d  Indiana,  under  Colonel  Lane  ;  1st 
Illinois,  under  Colonel  Hardin  ;  2d  Illinois,  under  Colonel 
Bissell ;  and  two  companies  of  Texas  volunteers,  one  corn- 
commanded  by  Captain  Conner,  the  other  a  spy  company, 
commanded  by  the  celebrated  Captain  (now  Major)  M'Cul- 
lough,  in  all  amounting  to  three  hundred  and  thirty-foui 
officers,  and  four  thousand  four  hundred  and  twenty-five 
men. 

It  was  evident  that  there  must  be  a  terrible  conflict  and 
General  Taylor  selected  a  pass  two  miles  in  advance  of 
Buena  Vista,  as  his  position.  There  was  a  valley  about 
three  miles  broad,  with  irregular  surface,  containing  occa 
sionally  hills  and  ravines,  and  was  surrounded  by  high 


BATTLES    OF    MEXICO.  55 

Tu«  road  passed  by  the  side  of  a  deep  arroyo, 
which  was  ti.papt.able.     On   the   right   side   of  the  roadf 
there  were  great  Dallies  which  it  was  impossible   to  cross, 
extending  to   tlw   mountams.      On   the  left   of   the  road 
were  steep  ascents  to  the  tops  of  the  spurs   of  the  mountain 
and  there  was  formed  a  plain,  suitable  for   a  battle   field. 
The  choice  of  this  place   showed   much   s4dll   and   good 
judgment  in  the  General.     By  the  21st  of  Feb.  our  forces 
were  stationed  at  this  position.    Col.  Yell  was  left,  with  some 
cavalry  to  cover  the  removal  cf  the  stores  and  were  driven  in 
by  the  enemy.     Our  men  secured  raost  of  the  stores   and 
burned  the  remainder.     General  Taylor    went  to   Saltillo 
immediately,  to  make  arrangements  for  its  defence,  leaving 
Gen.  Wool  to  command  the  army.     Our  forces   prepared 
for  the  advance  of  the  enemy.     Ct:j>t.  Washington's   bat 
tery  was  so   placed  as   to   command  (he  road.      The   1st 
and    2d    Illinois   regiments    containing  sixteen    hundred 
strong,  and  the  2nd  Kentucky  regiment,  occupied  crests  of 
ridges   in  the  rear  and   to  the  left.     Near  the  base  of  the 
mountain  at  the  extreme  left,  stood  the  Arkansas  and  Ken 
tucky  cavalry     The  Indiana  Brigade  under  General  Lane, 
the  Mississippi  Riflemen,  the  two  squadrons   of  dragoons, 
and  Sherman's  and  Bragg's  batteries  were  held  in  reserve. 

On  the  morning  of  the  22nd  the  enemy  approached,  and 
General  Taylor  returned  immediately  to  camp.  Tremen 
dous  clouds  of  dust  announced  the  advance  of  the  enemy, 
who  arrived  in  position,  with  immense  masses,  between  10 
and  11  A.  M.  All  was  silence,  waiting  for  the  attack,  when 
a  white  flag  was  brought  into  our  camp,  by  Surgeon-gene 
ral  Lindenberger,  with  the  following  message  from  Santa 
Anna : 

"  You  are  surrounded  by  twenty  thousand  men,  and  can 
not  in  any  human  probability  avoid  suffering  a  route,  and 


a;j  BATTLES    OF   MEXICO. 

being  cut  to  pieces  with  your  troops ;  but  as  you  deserve 
consideration  and  particular  esteem,  I  wish  to  save  you 
from  a  catastrophe,  and  for  that  purpose  give  you  this  notice 
in  order  that  you  may  surrender  at  discretion,  under  the 
assurance  that  you  will  be  treated  with  the  consideration 
belonging  to  the  Mexican  character,  to  which  end  you  will 
be  granted  an  hour's  time  to  make  up  your  mind,  to  com 
mence  from  the  moment  when  my  flag  of  truce  arrives  in 
your  camp. 

"  With  this  view,  I  assure  you  of  my  particular  conside 
ration. 

"  God  and  Liberty.  Camp  at  Encantada,  February  22d, 
1847. 

"ANTONIO  LOPEZ  DE  SANTA  ANNA. 
"To  Gen.  Z.  Taylor,  conatn'g  the  forces  of  the  United  States.*" 

Old  Rough  and  Ready  answered    thus : 

"  Headquarters,  Array  of  Occupation,  | 
Near  Buena  Vista,  Feb.  22,  1847.      j 

"  Sir, — In  reply  to  your  note  of  this  date,  summoning 
me  to  surrender  my  force  at  discretion,  I  beg  leave  to  say 
that  I  decline  acceding  to  your  request.  With  high  respect, 
I  am  ,  sir, 

"  Your  obedient  servant,  Z.  TAYLOR, 

"Maj.  Gen.  U.  S.  Army,  commanding. 
•'  Senor  Gen.  D.  Antonio  Lopez  de  Santa  Anna,  j 
Commander-in-chief,  La  Encantada."         j 

Several  hours  passed  before  any  attack  was  made.  The 
columns  of  the  enmy's  rear  could  be  seen  moving  up. 
There  was  a  slight  demonstration  of  our  right  and  a  section  of 
Bragg,s  battery,  supported  by  the  2d  Kentucky  foot,  were 
detached  to  that  point.  They  bivoucked  for  the  night. 
Near  evening,  the  light  troops  of  the  enemy  commenced 
upon  our  left,  consisting  of  detachments  of  Arkansas  and 
Kentucky  cavalry  dismounted,  and  a  battalion  of  Indiana 


BATTLES     OF   MEXICO. 


57 


Riflemen,  under  Major  Gorman  and  all  commanded  by 
Colonel  Marshall.  Some  shells  were  thrown  into  this 
part  of  our  line,  by  the  enemy  without  effect.  This  skir 
mishing  was  continued  until  after  dark,  with  slight  loss 
on  our  side.  Three  pieces  of  Washington's  battery  under 
Capt.  O'Brien,  took  position  to  the  left.  Here  the  troops 
rested  during  the  night  on  their  arms. 

Genral  Taylor  proceeded  to  Saltillo  with  the  Mississippi 
regiment  and  squadron  of  2nd  dragoons,  and  while  there 
about  fifteen  hundred  Mexicans  under  General  Minon  had 
advanced  into  the  valley,  by  a  pass  through  the  mountains, 
and  were  seen  in  the  rear  of  the  city.  They  were  designed 
to  harass  us  and  cut  off  our  retreat.  There  were  in  the 
city,  four  companies  of  Illinois  volunteers  under  Major  War 
ren  of  the  first  regiment.  There  was  a  field-work  command 
ing  the  approaches  and  was  garrisoned  by  Capt.  Webster's 
company  with  two  twenty-four  pound  howitzers.  Two 
companies  of  Mississippi  riflemen,  under  Capt.  Rodgers 
with  one  field -piece  under  Capt.  Shower,  defended  the  train. 

Jan.  22nd,  during  the  night,  the  enemy  stationed  a  large 
force  of  light  troops  upon  the  side  of  the  mountain,  to  out 
flank  our  left. 

On  the  morning  of  the  23rd,  the  action  was  renewed  at 
this  point.     Col.  Marshall  with  his  riflemen,  re-enforced  by 
three  companies  of  Illinois  volunteers,  under  Major  Trail? 
stood    firm  and  did  considerable  execution   with  their  sure 
rifles.     At  8 o'clock  a  large  column  of  the  enemy  moved  up 
the  road  and  threatened  our  centre,  but  Washington's  ener 
getic  battery  kept  them  back.     The  enemy  could  do  noth- 
ng  on  account   of  the  nature  of  the  ground,  where  they 
stood  ;    but  our  left    being  on  an  extensive  plain,  Santa 
Anna   thought  that   he  could  outflank   us.      Large  bodies 
of    the    enemy    passed   up    the    ravines    under  cover    of 
the  ridges,  and  co  ncentrated  near  our  left.  The   2d  Indiana 


5g  BATTLES    OF 

and  2  Illinois  regiments  formed  the  extreme  It- ft  of  oui  line 
and  the  former  supported  O'Brien's  three  pieces  of  artillery 
The  commander  on  the  left  was  Brigadier-general  Lane. 
O'Brien  was  ordered  to  advance  towards  the  enemy  with  his 
guns.  The  fight  was  now  very  severe  upon  the  enemy  ; 
but  they  poured  upon  our  men  volleys  of  grape  and  can- 
nister.  The  action  was  so  warm  that  the  Indiana  regi 
ment  broke,  not  being  able  to  stand  against  such  a  fire, 
and  left  the  artillery  unprotected.  Thus  Capt.  O'Brien  was 
obliged  to  retire  leaving  one  of  his  pieces,  at  which  ev 
ery  man  and  horse  was  either  killed  or  wounded.  The 
cowardly  Indiana  regiment  could  not  be  rallied,  though 
Major  Dix,  Paymaster  U.  S.  Army,  induced  a  few  to  return 
and  join,  together  with  their  Colonel  Bowles,  the  Missis 
sippi  regiment.  They  were  very  useful  during  the  remain- 
der  of  the  day.  Our  left  giving  way,  encouraged  the  enemy, 
and  large  masses  of  them  pressed  forward  and  forced  our 
light  troops  on  the  side  of  the  mountain,  to  retire,  and  ma 
ny  of  them  could  not  be  rallied  until  they  reached  the  de 
pot  at  Buena  Vista.  The  2nd  Illinois  regiment,  to  which 
a  section  of  Sherman's  battery  was  attached,  were  driven 
before  the  enemy. 

The  Mexican  Infantry  and  cavalry  poured  in  so  rapidly 
that  our  rear  was  in  danger.  Thus  far  evidently,  every 
move  went  against  us.  But  General  Taylor  now  arrived 
and  took  a  commanding  position  on  the  elevated  plateau. 
His  presence  was  enough  to  animate  our  troops.  Th<* 
Missssippi  regiment,  under  Davis,  was  ordered  to  the 
left,  and  came  in  contact,  immediately  with  large  portion- 
of  the  enemy,  who  had  turned  our  flank. 

The  struggle  was  severe,  but  in  favor  of  our  troops.  The 
find  Kentucky,  under  Col.  M'Kee,  with  a  section  of  artil- 
ery  under  Bragg,  had  been  ordered  to  support  our  left. 
These  with  a  part  of  the  1st  Illinois  under  Col.  Hardin 


BATTLES    OF    MEXICO.  59 

were  now  fiercely  engaged  with  the  enemy,  and  recovere  cl 
to  some  extent,  the  lost  ground. 

The  batteries  of  Bragg  and  Sherman  were  very  effective 
in  the  columns  of  the  enemy,  and  especially  those  who 
were  in  our  rear.  The  Mississippi  regiment  exhibited  grea 
bravery,  sustaining  the  attacks  of  the  enemy  without  flinch 
ing.  The  3rd  Indiana,  under  Colonel  Lane,  and  a  piece  of 
artillery  under  Colonel  Kilburn,  finally  moved  to  their  aid. 
The  Mexican  infantry  and  cavalry  repeatedly  advanced 
with  the  most  determined  impetuosity,  intending  to  force  our 
line,  but  they  were  received  so  firmly  and  warmly  that  they 
were  glad  10  fall  back.  Our  artillery  made  awful  havoc. 
Brevet  Lieutenant  Colonel  May  commanded  the  regu 
lar  cavalry,  and  Captain  Pike's  of  the  Arkansas  cav 
alry.  May,  with  the  Kentucky  and  Arkansas  cavalry,  un- 
der  Colonels  Marshall  and  Yell,  were  directed  to  keep  in 
check  the  masses  that  had  gained  our  rear.  The  enemj 
still  were  determined  at  all  hazards,  to  break  our  left.  Oui 
forces  were  pouring  upon  the  enemy  a  terrific  fire  from  dif 
ferent  sections  and  pieces,  under  O'Brien,  Bragg,  Sherman 
Thomas.  Kiiburn,  Reynolds,  French  and  Bryan,  forming 
a  long  line.  The  thick  columns  of  the  enemy  were  made 
to  stagger,  fearful  inroads  were  made  in  their  ranks,  and 
they  were  finally,  after  many  desperate  struggles,  obliged 
to  give  way.  Their  success  was  short,  and  their  shouts  of  tri 
umph  were  soon  at  an  end.  Just  as  they  began  to  give  way 
a  little.  Lieutenant  Rucker,  with  his  squadron  of  1st  dragoons, 
was  ordered  to  dash  in  among  them,  which  was  done  with 
great  effect. 

It  was  feared  that  the  portion  of  the  enemy  in  our  rear 
might  attack  the  train  at  Buena  Vista,  and  Col.  May,  with 
his  command,  and  two  pieces  of  artillery  under  Lieutenant 
Reynolds,  was  ordered  to  that  place.  But,  before  they  arri 
ved,  the  Arkansas  and  Kentucky  cavalry  had  met  the  ene- 


60 


BATTLES    OF    MEXICO. 


my  and  repulsed  them.  They  broke  in  two  columns,  one 
escaped  by  the  ranch,  arid  received  a  destructive  fire  from 
the  fugitive  forces  of  a  part  of  Major  Trail's  and  Gorman's 
command,  whom  Major  Munroe  had  reorganized.  The 
other  column  of  the  enemy  gained  the  mountain,  but  re 
ceived  a  terrible  fire  from  the  pieces  under,  Lieutenant 
Reynolds. 

Colonel  Yell  was  killed,  in  the  charge,  at  Buena  Vista,  at 
the  head  of  his  regiment.  Adjutant  Vaughn,  also,  of  the 
Kentucky  cavalry  fell  in  that  engagement. 

A  part  of  the  Arkansas  and  Indiana  troops,  and  Col.  May, 
with  his  command,  kept  in  check  the  enemy's  right.  They 
were  crowded  in  vast  numbers  in  ravines,  and  our  guns  made 
horrid  work  with  them.  Those  who  had  gained  our  rear 
were  now  in  the  greatest  danger.  Santa  Anna  perceived  it 
and  in  his  deceptive  and  cowardly  manner,  sent  a  white  flag 
into  our  camp,  and  asked  General  Taylor  "  what  he  wanted." 
Taylor  immediately  ordered  the  firing  to  cease,  and  sent 
General  Wool,  with  a  white  flag,  to  answer  the  message. 
No  consultation  could  be  had,  as  the  Mexicans  kept  on  firing. 
Santa  Anna  had  gained  time  for  his  forces  to  reach  their 
lines  and  he  cared  no  more  for  the  truce.  This  was  barba 
rous  enough  in  the  Mexican  General.  While  the  enemy 
were  retreating,  they  were  severely  handled  by  our  artillery. 
The  cavalry  under  General  Minon,  were  in  the  road  be 
tween  the  battle  ground  and  Saltillo,  and  it  was  feared  that 
they  would  fall  upon  the  city.  Capt-  Webster  fired  upon 
them  from  the  redoubt,  and  they  moved  towards  Bueim 
Vista.  Capt.  Shover,  with  some  volunteers  and  a  piece  of 
artillery,  accompanied  by  a  piece  of  Webster's  battery,  un 
der  Lieut.  Donaldson,  aided  by  Capt.  Wheeler,  with  his  Il 
linois  volunteers,  drove  the  enemy  into  the  ravines,  leading 
to  the  lower  valley.  The  enemy  endeavored  to  charge 


BATTLES    OF    MKSICO.  61 

once  or  twice,  out  were  driven  back  every  lime  in  confusion. 
Firing  had  now  nearly  ceased ;  but  one  struggle  more  was 
(o  come.  Santa  Anna,  being  reinforced  by  cavalry,  under 
rover  of  artillery,  charged  our  line  in  a  most  desperate 
manner,  by  horse  and  foot.  Great  masses  came  rushing  on, 
and  poured  among  us  a  deadly  fire.  The  2nd  Kentucky, 
1st  Illinois,  and  O'Brien,  with  two  pieces,  received  the  se 
verest  part  of  the  attack.  The  infantry  supporting  O'Brien's 
piece  was  routed  and  thek  piece  left  in  the  hands  of  the 
enemy. 

Our  batteries,  however,  finally  turned  the  tide.  Their  fire 
ivas  so  firm,  precise  and  awful,  that  the  enemy  could  not  re- 
jist,  and  fell  back  in  disorder.  Harden  and  McKee,  charg 
ed  the  enemy  with  great  bravery  and  impetuosity.  They 
fled,  but  seeing  the  few  pursithig,  turned  suddenly  and  came 
up  in  vast  numbers.  There  was  dreadful  carnage  on  both 
sides.  We  had  but  a  mere  handful  compared  with  the  en 
emy,  and  our  men  were  again  routed,  and  it  seemed  that  we 
must  be  beaten.  Brent  and  Whiting  of  Washington's  bat 
tery  covered  their  retreat. 

General  Taylor  looked  on  calmly  and  unmoved,  while 
the  balls  were  flying  all  around  him. 

Bragg's  battery  had  now  reached  the  place  of  attack. 
Bragg  told  his  Captain  to  unlimber  the  piece  and  wait  till 
the  enemy  had  arrived  nearly  to  the  muzzle.  They  rushed 
on  certain  that  they  should  conquer  us ;  but  the  battery 
opened  and  poured  into  their  masses  a  plenty  of  grape.  They 
staggered  at  the  first  fire,  and  the  second  opened  streets  through 
them  and  the  third  volley  entirely  dispersed  them  and  they 
fled  in  dismay.  Our  loss  was  heavy  in  this  last  struggle. 

In  this  desperate  conflict,  Colonels  Hardin  and  McKee 
and  Lieutenant-Colonel  Clay,  fell  at  the  head  of  their  regi 
ments.  Our  artillery  turned  the  tide  of  battle  three  times 


62 


RATTLKS    OK    MEXICO. 


during  the  day.  It  was  no\\  ten  hours  that  the  battle  had 
been  raging.  The  enemy  did  not  make  another  attempt  to 
force  our  lines,  and  our  troops,  weary,  dropped  upon  the 
battle  ground  to  seek  rest  to  prepare  them  for  the  morrow, 
among  the  dead  and  dying,  without  any  fires  to  warm  their 
benumbed  limbs.  The  wounded  were  removed  to  Saltillo  and 
our  men  prepared  for  an  attack  in  the  morning ;  but  the 
enemy  retired  very  early  to  Agua  Nueva,  leaving  many 
of  their  dead  and  dying.  Brigadier-general  Marshall  made  a 
forced  march  for  Rinconada  to  reinforce  our  troops  there ; 
but  he  was  too  late  to  participate  in  the  action. 

In  the  battle  of  Buena  Vista,  we  had  two  hundred  and 
sixty-seven  killed,  four  hundred  and  fifty-six  wounded,  and 
twenty-three  missing.  The  enemy  must  have  lost  two 
thousand.  There  were  five  hundred  of  their  dead  left  upon 
me  field.  We  had  twenty-eight  officers  killed  and  forty  one 
wounded. 

What  an  awful  responsibility  rests  upon  somebody  for 
ishering  so  many  innocent  persons  into  the  presence  of  their 
Judge ! 

The  names  of  the  officers  killed  and  wounded  are  the 
following : 

General  Staff:  killed,  Captain  George  Lincoln,  Assis 
tant  Adjutant  General ;  wounded,  H.  W.  Benham,  1st 
Lieutenant  Engineers ;  F.  S.  Bryan,  brevet  2d  Lieuten 
ant  Topographical  engineers.  1st  Regiment  of  dragoons  : 
wounded,  Captain  E.  Steen.  2d  regiment  of  dragoons: 
wounded,  Brevet  Lieutenant-colonel  C.  A.  May.  3d  Regi 
ment  Artillery :  wounded,  Lieutenant  S.  G.  French.  4th 
Artillery  :  wounded,  1st  Lieutenant  J.  P.  O'Brien.  Missis 
sippi  Rifles :  killed,  1st  Lieutenant  R.  L.  Moore,  2d  Lieut. 
F.  M'Nulty ;  wounded,  Colonel  Davis,  Captains  Sharp 
and  Stockaw,  1st  Lieutenants  Corwin  and  Poscy.  1st 


63 


BATTLES    OF    MEXICO. 


Regiment  Illinois  :  killed,  Colonel  Hardin,  Captain 
iie,  and  1st  Lieutenant  Houghton.  2d  Regiment  Illinois; 
killed,  Captain  Woodward,  Lieutenants  Rountree,  Fletcher 
Ferguson,  Robbins,  Steel,  Kelly,  Bartleson.  Atherton,  and 
Price;  wounded,  Captains  Coffee  and  Baker,  Lieutenant'. 
Picket,  Engleman,  West,  and  Whiteside.  Texas  volunteers  •, 
killed,  1st  Lieutetenant  Campbell,  2d  Lieutenant  Leonhard  : 
woundod  Captain  Connor.  Indiana  volunteers :  Brigade 
Staff;  Brigadier-aeneral  Lane.  2d  Indiana:  killed,  Cap 
tains  Kinder  and  Walker,  and  Lieutenant  Parr;  wounded, 
Captains  Sanderson  and  Osborn,  Lieutenants  Cayce,  Davis, 
Pennington,  Lewis,  Moore,  and  Epperson.  3d  Indiana  • 
killed,  Captain  Taggart ;  wounded,  Major  Gorman,  Cap 
tains  Sleep  and  Connover.  2d  Kentucky  foot;  killed, 
Colonel  M'Kee,  Lieutenant-Colonel  Clay,  and  Captain 
Willis  ;  wounded,  Lieutenants  Barber  and  Napier.  Arkaiv 
sas  Cavalry  :  killed.  Colonel  Yell,  Captain  Porter :  wounded, 
Lieutenant  Reader. 

A  large  portion  of  officers  fell  showing  their  unconquera- 
Me  bra  very.  It  was  a  battle  of  artillery.  General  Taylor 
said , — 

"The services  of  the  light  artillery,  always  conspicuous, 
were  more  than  usually  distinguished.  Moving  rapidly  over 
the  roughest  ground,  it  was  always  in  action  at  the  right 
place  and  at  the  right  time,  and  its  well-directed  fire  dealt 
destruction  in  the  masses  of  the  enemy." 

The  General  was  necessarily  much  exposed.  Two  balls 
passed  through  his  clothes.  Our  forces  consisted  of  five 
thousand,  and  but  four  hundred  and  fifty-three  of  them  were 
regulars.  We  were  not  able  to  follow  up  our  success  for 
the  want  of  more  men. 


Q£  BATTLES    OP    MEXICO. 

On  the  26th  General  Taylor  issued   the  following  order: 

"  Headquarters,  Army  of  Occupation,  | 
Buena  Vista,  Feb.  26,1847.  } 

Order  No.  12. 

I.  The   commanding  general   has  the  grateful  task   of 
congratulating  the  troops  upon  the  brilliant  success  which 
attended  their  arms  in  the  conflict  of  the  22  nd  and  23rd. 
Confident  in  the  immense  superiority  of  numbers,  and  stim 
ulated  by  the  presence  of  a  distinguished  leader,  the  Mexi 
can  troops   were   yet  repulsed  in  every  effort  to  force  out 
lines,  and  finally  withdrew  with  immense  loss  from  the  field. 

I 1.  The  general  would  express  his  obligations  to  the  men 
and  officers  engaged  for  the  cordial  support   which  they  ren 
dered  throughout  the  action.     It  will  be  his  highest  pride 
;o   bring  to  the   notice  of  the    government  the  conspicuos 
gallantry  of  particular  officers   and  corps,  whose   unwaver 
ing  steadiness  more  than  once  saved  the  fortunes  of  the  day. 
He  would  also  express  his  high  satisfaction  with  the  small 
command  left  at  Saltillo.     Though  not  so  seriously  engaged 
as  their  comrades,  their  services  were  very  important,  and 
efficiently  rendered.     While  bestowing  this  just  tribute  to 
the  good  conduct  of  the  troops,  the  general  deeply  regrets  to 
say  that  there  were  not  a  few  exceptions.     He  trusts   that 
those  who  fled  ingloriously  to  Buena  Vista,  and  even  to  Sal 
tillo,  will  seek   an  opportunity  to   retrieve  their  reputation* 
and  to  emulate  the  bravery  of  their  comrades  who  bore  the 
brunt  of  the  battle,  and  sustained,  against   fearful  odds,  thf 
honor  of  the  flag. 

III.  The  exhultation  of  success   is  checked  by  the  hesvy 
sacrifice  of  life  which  it  has  cost,  embracing  many  officers 
of  high  rank  and  rare   merit.    While  the   sympathy  of  a 
grateful  country  will  be  given   to  the  bereaved  families  and 


BATTLES    OF    MEXICO.  gp 

friends  o'  those  who  nobly  fell,  their   illustrious   example 
will  remain  for  the  benefit  and  admiration  of  the  army. 

By  order.  Major-general  TAYLOR. 

Signed,  W.  W  .S.  BLISS. 

Assistant  Adjutant-general. 

This  order  wiil  be  read  at  the  head  of  every  company. 

By  order : 
Signed,        ^:||  W.  W.  S.  BLISS. 

It  was  found  that  the  enemy  were  retiring  towards  San 
Luis  Potosi. 

Our  forces  returned  to  Agua  Nueva  on  the  27th.  The 
road  was  strewed  with  dead  and  wounded  Mexicans,  and 
their  army  seemed  to  be  in  a  perfect  state  of  disorganization^ 

Had  it  not  been  for  the  astonishing  bravery  of  our  men, 
in  this  battle,  (5000  against  21,000,)  we  must  have  been 
overwhelmed. 

General  Urea,  with  about  8000  cavalry,  had  cut  off  all 
communication  between  Camargo  and  Monterey,  previous 
to  the  battle  of  Buena  Vista.  A  train  of  waggons,  escorted 
by  thirty  men,  was  attacked  and  captured  Feb.  24th,  at 
Ramos.  The  wagons  were  burned  and  the  teamsters  dread 
fully  mutilated  and  their  bodies  cast  into  the  flames. 

March  7th,  Major  Giddings,  in  charge  of  a  train  of  one 
hundred  and  fifty  waggons,  was  attacked  near  Ceralvo. 
After  a  severe  struggle,  the  enemy  was  repulsed,  but  we  lost 
fifteen  teamsters,  two  privates  of  Ohio  volunteers,  and  fifty 
wagons. 

General  Taylor  returned  to  Monterey  early  in  Marrh 
and  pursued  Urea,  for  a  while  and  drove  him  over  the 
mcuntaints.  In  April  six  thousand  volunteers  were 
called  out  by  government  to  re  enforce  the  army.  General 

5 


BATTLES    OF    MEXICO. 

Taylor  was  to  receive  enough  of  them,  to  make,  with  what 
he  had,  about  ten  thousand  men. 

After  this,  nothing  of  much  interest  occurred  in  northern 
Mexico.  The  theatre  of  war  was  changed  to  another  part 
of  the  country.  The  strong  forts  had  been  taken  and  the 
enemy  conquered  in  every  battle. 

General  Scott  had  been  ordered  to  Mexico  by  the  govern 
ment,  Nov.  23rd,  1846,  in  the  following  language : 

WAR  DEPARTMENT,  WASHINGTON,  November,  23,  1847 

Sir, — The  President,  several  days  since  communicated, 
in  person  to  you  his  orders  to  repair  to  Mexico,  to  take  com 
mand  of  the  forces  there  assembled,  and  particularly  to  or 
ganize  and  set  on  .foot  an  expedition  to  operate  on  the 
julf  coast,  if,  on  arriving  at  the  theatre  of  action,  you 
»hall  deem  it  to  be  practicable.  It  is  not  proposed  to  con- 
.rol  your  operations  by  definite  and  positive  instructions, 
out  you  are  left  to  prosecute  them  as  your  judgment,  under 
w  full  view  of  all  the  circumstances,  shall  dictate.  The 
vork  is  before  you,  and  the  means  provided,  or  to  be  pro 
vided,  for  accomplishing  it,  are  committed  to  you,  in  the 
full  confidence  that  you  will  use  them  to  the  best  advan 
tage. 

The  objects  which  it  is  desirable  to  obtain  have  been  in 
dicaled,  and  it  is  hoped  that  you  will  have  the  requisite  force 
to  accomplish  them. 

Of  this  you  must  be  the  best  judge,  when  preparations  are 
made    and  the  time  for  action  arrived. 
Very  respectfully. 

your  obedient  servant, 

W.  L.  MARCY, 
Secretary  of  War 

Gen  WINFIELD  SCOTT. 


I1A1TLES    OF     MEXICO. 


67 


Vera  Cruz  is  situated  in  19  degrees  11  minutes  52  sec 
onds  north  latitude.  One  portion  of  its  walls  is  washed  hy 
the  Atlantic,  and  the  shore  on  the  opposite  side  is  a  dry 
and  sandy  plain. 

General  Scoti  sailed  from  New  York.  Nov.  30th  and 
i cached  the  Rio  Grande  Jan  1st  1847. 


AMERICAN  FLEET  SAL/JTING  THE  CASTLE  AT  VERA  CHUZ 


BATTLES   OF    MEXICO. 


BATTLE  OF  VERA  CRUZ. 

THE  new  army  was  designated  to  attack  the  city  of  Vera 
Cruz  and  the  Castle  of  San  Juan  de  Ulloa.  The  naval 
squadron,  under  Commodore  Conner,  was  to  assist  the 
and  forces.  The  squadron  landed  at  Anton  Lizardo, 
March  7th.  The  troops,  sent  from  General  Taylor,  ar 
rived  in  February,  and  increased  his  army  to  12,000  men. 

DESCRIPTION  OF  THE  CITY  OF  VERA  CRUZ  AND  CASTLE 
OF  SAN  JUAN  DE  ULLOA. 

"  Vera  Cruz  is  situated  in  19°  11'  52"  north  latitude. 
One  portion  of  its  walls  is  washed  by  the  Atlantic,  and  the 
shore  on  the  opposite  side  is  a  dry  and  sandy  plain. 

"  The  city  is  small,  but  from  the  regularity  which  marks 
its  laying  out,  it  is  beautiful.  The  streets  are  wide,  straight, 
and  well  paved.  The  houses,  of  which  there  are  one  thou 
sand  and  sixty-three,  are  mostly  two  stories  high,  and  built 
of  the  Muscara  stone,  taken  from  the  sea-beach. 

"  The  fortifications  of  the  city  consist  of  nine  towers 
connected  together  by  means  of  a  stone  and  mortar  wall, 
which,  however,  is  not  very  thick.  The  two  towers  named 
Santiago  and  Conception  are  the  most  important.  They  are 
situated  at  that  portion  of  the  walls  looking  toward  the  cas 
tle  of  San  Juan,  and  are  distant  from  each  other  one  thou 
sand  two  hundred  and  seventy  varas.  The  other  towers, 
including  the  one  called  San  Fernando,  are  almost  equal 
in  shape,  size,  and  strength.  All  of  them  can  mount  one 
hundred  pieces  of  artillery  of  various  sizes ;  and  save  those 
of  the  middle  ones,  their  fires  all  cross  in  front  of  the 


BATTLES    OF   MEXICO. 


69 


guard-houses,  the  external  walls  of  which  form  part  of  the 
walls  which  surround  the  city. 

"Although  the  port  of  Vera  Cruz  is  the  principal  one  in 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  it  is  very  dangerous  during  the  seasons 
of  the  northers — that  which  is  called  the  bay,  being,  in 
reality,  nothing  more  than  a  bad  roadstead.  Baron  Hurn- 
boldt  but  too  faithfully  described  the  harbor  of  Vera  Cruz 
when  he  said,  that  the  only  shelter  it  affords  shipping  is  a 
dangerous  anchorage  among  shoals. 

"  The  castle  of  San  Juan  de  Ulloa  is  unquestionably  the 
most  celebrated  of  all  American  fortresses.  Its  construc 
tion  was  commenced  in  the  year  1582,  upon  a  bar  or 
bank,  in  front  of  the  town  of  Vera  Cruz,  at  the  distance 
of  one  thousand  and  sixty-two  Castilian  varas  or  yards, 
and  it  is  entirely  surrounded  by  water.  The  centre  of  the 
area  occupied  by  this  fortress  is  a  small  island,  upon  which 
Juan  de  Grijalva  landed  a  year  previous  to  the  arrival  of 
Cortes  upon  the  Continent,  and,  at  that  period,  it  acci 
dentally  received  the  name  which  it  retains  to  this  present 
day.  It  seems  that  there  was  a  shrine  or  temple  erected 
upon  it,  in  which  human  victims  were  sacrificed  to  the 
Indian  gods  ;  and  as  the  Spaniards  were  informed  that 
these  offerings  were  made  in  accordance  with  the  com 
mands  of  the  kings  of  Acolhua  (one  of  the  provinces  of  the 
empire),  they  confounded  or  abbreviated  this  name  into 
the  word  Ulloa,  which  they  affixed  to  the  island. 

"  According  to  a  report  made  on  the  17th  of  January, 
1775,  it  was  the  opinion  of  a  council  of  war,  composed  of 
distinguished  officers,  that  this  fortress,  after  all  its  defen 
ces  were  completed,  would  require  a  garrison  for  effective 
service,  composed  of  seventeen  hundred  infantry  soldiers, 
three  hundred  artillery,  two  hundred  and  twenty-eight 
sailors,  and  a  hundred  supernumeraries. 


70  BATTLES   OF   MEXICO. 

"  The  exterior  polygon,  which  faces  Vera  Cruz,  extends 
three  hundred  yards  in  length,  whilst  that  which  defends 
the  north  channel  is,  at  least,  two  hundred  yards  long. 
Besides  this,  there  is  a  low  battery  situated  in  the  bastion 
of  Santiago,  which  doubles  the  fire  on  that  channel.  The 
southern  channel  is  commanded  also  by  the  battery  of  San 
Miguel. 

"  The  whole  fortress  is  constructed  ofMadrepora  Jistrea^ 
a  species  of  soft  coral,  which  abounds  in  the  neighboring 
islands.  Its  walls  are  from  four  to  five  yards  in  thickness, 
their  exterior  being  faced  with  a  harder  stone.  It  is  well 
supplied  with  water,  having  seven  cisterns  within  the 
castle,  which  altogether  contain  ninety-three  thousand 
seven  hundred  and  sixty-seven  cubic  feet  of  water.  Its 
full  equipment  of  artillery  pieces  is  three  hundred  and 
seventy ;  but  it  contained  only  a  hundred  and  seventy- 
seven  when  attacked  by  the  French  in  1838.'' 

A  regiment  of  Louisiana  volunteers,  under  Colonel 
Russey,  were  wrecked  in  February  near  the  island  of  Lobos. 
They  were  met  by  a  large  force  under  General  Cos  and 
ordered  to  surrender.  They  were  without  arms,  but  Colo 
nel  Russey  delayed  his  answer  until  night,  presenting  at 
the  same  time  a  bold  front.  He  lighted  up  camp  fires, 
left  his  baggage,  and,  by  forced  marches,  reached  the 
American  quarters  at  Tampico. 

The  two  commanding  officers,  immediately  after  landing 
at  Lizardo,  reconnoitred  the  city  in  the  steamer  Petrita, 
and  thought  best  to  land  on  the  beach  due  west  of  the 
island  of  Sacrificios.  At  daybreak  on  the  9th,  about 
2,800  troops  were  transferred,  in  each  frigate,  and  DI  Dpor- 
tionate  numbers  in  smaller  vessels,  to  Sacrificios.  A  little 
after  11  A.  M.  the  squadron  moved  off  majestically  The 
day  was  fine,  with  a  gentle  breeze  from  the  south  east,  and 
a  smooth  sea.  The  passage  occupied  between  two  and 


BATTLES    OF   MEXICO.  7] 

.hree  hours,  and  the  vessels  were  anchored  without  con 
fusion  .  Gen.  Scott  ordered  the  landing  to  be  commenced 
immediately,  ordering  the  steamers  Spitfire  and  Vixen,  and 
five  gun-boats,  to  form  a  line  parallel  with  and  near  the 
beach,  in  order  to  cover  the  landing  of  our  men  in  the 
surf-boats.  As  the  boats,  65  in  number,  received  the 
troops,  they  assembled  in  a  line,  abreast,  between  the 
fleet  and  the  gun-boats  and  pulled  for  the  shore,  all  at 
once,  landing  without  resistance.  General  Worth  com 
manded  this  first  line  of  the  army  and  formed  his  men, 
4,500  strong,  on  the  beach  and  neighboring  heights  just 
before  sunset,  and  by  10  P.  M.  an  army  of  10,000  men 
were  on  shore,  without  any  accident  occurring.  All  but 
a  few  companies  had  landed.  The  next  day  the  artillery, 
horses,  provisions,  and  other  materials  were  landed,  and 
the  remaining  troops,  making  more  than  eleven  thousand 
men.  General  Scott  landed  early  in  the  morning,  and 
preparations  were  immediately  made  to  surround  the  city. 
As  our  men  advanced,  some  shot  and  shells  were  fired 
from  the  town  and  castle,  but  without  effect.  At  2  o'clock, 
March  10th,  a  brisk  fire  from  the  enemy  commenced. 
One  of  our  men  had  his  thigh  broken,  and  two  others  were 
wounded.  A  small  detachment  was  sent  out  under  Cap 
tain  Gordon  to  reconnoitre.  He  found  himself,  after  going 
two  or  three  hundred  yards,  near  a  body  of  men  and  hailed 
them.  They  answered  in  English,  and  soon  answered 
again  by  a  volley  of  bullets,  which  was  returned  by  the 
detachment,  and  the  Mexicans  were  obliged  to  retire  into 
the  town.  At  sunrise,  the  steamer  Spitfire,  Capt.  Tatnall, 
took  position  in  front  of  the  city  and  castle,  and  com 
menced  firing.  She  continued  for  an  hour,  and  the  city 
and  castle  returned  the  compliment.  Soon  after  the 
Spitfire  opened  her  fire,  the  1st  and  2d  divisions  moved  up 
the  beach  towards  the  city  about  a  mile  and  commenced 


72 


BATTLES   OF    MEXICO. 


TO  invest  the  place.  Four  or  five  regiments  of  Mexican 
infantry  and  cavalry  appeared  in  front  of  the  city,  half  a 
mile  from  our  men,  and  commenced  firing  upon  us.  One 
of  our  mountain  howitzers  and  some  rockets  were  placed 
on  the  hills.  A  few  shots  were  fired  and  rockets  sent ; 
but  without  effect.  Captain  Taylor  was  ordered  to  try 
the  six-pounder,  which  caused  the  Mexicans  to  retire  be 
hind  the  hill.  One  Mexican  was  killed. 

General  Worth  was  successful  in  taking  his  position  on 
the  right  of  the  investment  by  11  o'clock.  The  line,  cir- 
curnvallating  the  city,  was  to  run  along  a  chain  of  sand 
hills  about  3  miles  from  the  city,  ranging  from  300  to 
1500  feet  high,  entirely  commanding  the  town  and  fortifi 
cations.  The  heavy  guns  from  the  castle  could  reach  the 
right  wing. 

After  Worth  had  taken  his  position,  General  Patterson's 
division  took  up  its  line  of  march,  with  General  Pillow's 
brigade  in  advance,  in  order  to  form  on  the  left  of  Worth's 
division.  After  proceeding  a  mile,  they  met  the  enemy 
in  a  thick  chaparral.  There  was  a  smart  fire  for  about 
twenty  minutes.  The  Mexicans  retreated.  Gen.  Pillow 
had  great  difficulty  in  advancing  through  the  chaparral. 
He  proceeded  about  half  a  mile  farther  by  4  p.  M.,  and  met 
the  enemy  again,  in  ambuscade.  Their  fire  was  heavy 
upon  our  men,  and  General  Patterson  sent  the  New  York 
regiment  of  Shields'  brigade  to  aid  General  Pillow ;  but 
only  one  New  York  company  arrived,  before  General 
Pillow  had  routed  the  enemy  by  a  charge.  Only  two  of 
our  men  were  slightly  wounded.  A  body  of  the  enemy 
were  seen  at  a  little  distance,  at  a  house  known  as  a  maga 
zine,  on  the  left  flank  of  Pillow's  command.  A  6-pounder 
was  directed  towards  them,  and  a  few  shots  were  enough 
to  disperse  them.  Towards  sun-down,  Gen.  Pillow  reach- 


BATTLES    OF    MEXICO.  73 

«d,  by  great  effort,  one  of  the  highest  points  in  the  rear  of 
the  city,  and  erected  the  star  spangled  banner.  The  bat 
teries  from  the  town  and  castle,  kept  up  a  continued  firing 
till  dark.  One  shell  exploded  in  front  of  General  Worth 
and  staff. 

At  7  A.  M.,  (March  llth)  General  Quitman's  brigade 
was  ordered  to  relieve  General  Pillow  from  the  place  which 
he  occupied  during  the  night.  The  Mexicans,  thinking 
that  our  men  were  deserting  the  heights,  approached  and 
were  met  by  General  Quitman,  who  advanced  to  the  top 
of  the  hill.  A  smart  fire  was  kept  up  for  an  hour. 

Capt.  Davis,  of  the  Georgia  regiment,  with  twenty  rifle 
men,  were  sent  as  skirmishers,  to  move  round  under  the 
hill  and  engage  the  enemy  in  close  quarters.  About  200 
of  the  enemy  advanced  on  him,  and  he  held  them  in  check 
until  Colonel  Jackson,  with  the  balance  of  three  compa 
nies,  and  Col.  Dickerson  and  his  regiment,  came  to  his 
aid.  The  enemy  were  obliged  to  retire,  with  the  loss  of 
several  dead  and  wounded.  We  had  seven  slightly 
wounded. 

At  9  A.  M.,  General  Twiggs,  with  his  mounted  rifles  in 
advance,  moved  up  to  take  position  on  the  left  of  the  line. 
It  was  very  difficult  as  the  cannon  had  to  be  lifted  over 
sand-ridges  by  the  men,  in  many  cases.  The  force  all 
reached  their  destination  by  the  sea-shore,  above  the  town, 
about  sun-down.  Thus  the  city  was  surrounded  by  us, 
our  line  reaching  about  eight  miles.  General  Worth  occu 
pied  the  right,  General  Twiggs  the  left,  and  General  Pat- 
terson  the  centre. 

Our  men  now  commenced  placing  their  heavy  batteries 
in  position  to  open  upon  the  town. 

By  the  22d,  seven  ten-inch  mortars  were  in  battery, 


74  bATTLES   OF   MEXICO. 

and  the  others  nearly  ready.  At  two,  P.  M.,  General 
Scott  addressed  a  summons  to  the  Governor  of  Vera  Cruz, 
and  received  an  answer  in  two  hours.  The  Governor 
supposed  that  Scott  ordered  him  to  surrender  the  town 
and  castle  (though  that  was  not  the  case,  as  Scott  was  not 
prepared  to  make  such  a  demand). 

Scott  now  determined  to  open  his  seven  mortars  upon 
the  town.  The  small  vessels  of  Commodore  Perry's 
squadron,  two  steamers  and  five  schooners,  came  within  a 
mile  and  an  eighth  of  the  city  and  opened  a  brisk  fire. 
which  continued  till  9,  A.  M.  (March  23),  when  the  Com 
modore  called  the  vessels  away  from  so  dangerous  a  posi 
tion.  By  noon  we  had  ten  mortars  battering  the  walls  of 
the  city.  The  ten  inch  mortars  planted  about  eight  hun 
dred  yards  from  the  city,  were  very  effective.  Our  meny 
thus  far,  from  the  time  of  their  landing  had  only  four  or 
five  men  wounded,  and  one  officer  and  one  private  killed. 
The  officer  was  Capt.  J.  R.  Vinton,  of  the  U.  S.  3d  ar 
tillery.  He  was  killed  in  the  trenches,  March  24th,  at 
ten,  A.  M.  The  naval  battery,  No.  5,  consisting  of  three 
thirty-two  pounders  and  three  eight  inch  Paixhans,  open 
ed  a  terrific  fire,  under  Capt.  Aulick.  The  battery  was 
active  till  two,  P.  M.  We  lost  four  sailors  killed,  and 
Lieut.  Baldwin  was  slightly  wounded. 

March  25th,  battery  No.  4,  consisting  of  four  twenty- 
four  pounders,  and  two  eight  inch  Paixhans,  opened. 

Now,  batteries  1,  2,  3,  4  and  5,  were  shaking  the  whole 
foundation  of  the  city,  by  their  tremendous  fire. 

On  the  evening  of  the  24th,  the  foreign  consuls  signed 
a  memorial,  requesting  General  Scott  to  grant  a  truce,  so 
that  the  neutrals  and  women  and  children  might  retire 
from  the  city.  Our  heavy  guns  made  dreadful  havoc,  dc~ 


BATTLES   OF   MEXICO.  75 

stroymg  many  women  and  children.  General  Scott  re 
plied  : 

First,  That  a  truce  could  only  be  granted  on  the 
application  of  Governor  Morales,  with  a  view  to  surren 
der  ;  second,  That  in  sending  safeguards  to  the  different 
consuls,  beginning  as  far  back  as  the  13th  instant,  he  dis 
tinctly  admonished  them,  particularly  the  French  and 
Spanish  consuls— and,  of  course,  through  the  two,  the 
other  consuls — of  the  dangers  that  have  followed  ;  third. 
That  although,  at  that  date,  he  had  already  refused  to  al 
low  any  person  whatsoever  to  pass  the  line  of  investment 
either  way,  yet  the  blockade  had  been  left  open  to  the 
consuls  and  other  neutrals  to  pass  out  to  their  respective 
ships  of  war  up  to  the  22d  instant ;  and,  fourth,  he  en 
closed  to  the  memorialists  a  copy  of  his  summons  to  the 
governor,  to  show  that  he  had  fully  considered  the  im 
pending  hardships  and  distresses  of  the  place,  including 
those  of  women  and  children,  before  one  gun  had  been 
fired  in  that  direction. 

On  the  26th,  General  Scott  received  overtures  from 
General  Landero,  on  whom  General  Morales  had  devolv 
ed  the  command,  and  on  account  of  a  heavy  norther,  he 
was  unable  to  communicate  with  the  ships  until  the  27th. 

The  American  Commissioners  were,  Generals  Worth 
and  Pillow,  Colonel  Totten,  and  Capt.  Aulick. 

It  was  finally  agreed  that  the  city  and  castle  should 
surrender  to  us. 

The  following  are  the  terms  of  capitulation  : 

"  1.  The  whole  garrison,  or  garrisons,  to  be  surrender 
ed  to  the  arms  of  the  United  States,  as  prisoners  of  war, 
the  29th  instant,  at  10  o'clock,  A.  M. ;  the  garrisons  to 
be  permitted  to  march  out  with  all  the  honors  of  war,  and 


7(5  BATTLES   OF   MEXICO. 

to  lay  down  their  arms  to  such  officers  as  may  be  appoint 
ed  by  the  general-in-chief  of  the  United  States'  armies,  and 
at  a  point  to  be  agreed  upon  by  the  commissioners. 

"  2.  Mexican  officers  shall  preserve  their  arms  and 
private  effects,  including  horses  and  horse-furniture,  and 
to  be  allowed,  regular  and  irregular  officers,  as  also  the 
rank  and  file,  five  days  to  retire  to  their  respective  homes, 
on  parole,  as  hereinafter  prescribed. 

"  3.  Coincident  with  the  surrender,  as  stipulated  in  ar 
ticle  1,  the  Mexican  flags  of  the  various  forts  and  stations 
shall  be  struck,  saluted  by  their  own  batteries ;  and,  im 
mediately  thereafter,  Forts  Santiago  and  Conception,  and 
the  castle  of  San  Juan  de  Ulloa,  occupied  by  the  forces  of 
the  United  States. 

"  4.  The  rank  and  file  of  the  regular  portion  of  the  pri 
soners  to  be  disposed  of  after  surrender  and  parole,  as 
their  general-in-chief  may  desire,  and  the  irregular  to  be 
permitted  to  return  to  their  homes.  The  officers,  in  re 
spect  to  all  arms  and  descriptions  of  force,  giving  the 
usual  parole,  that  the  said  rank  and  file,  as  well  as  them 
selves,  shall  not  serve  again  until  duly  exchanged. 

"  5.  All  the  materiel  of  war,  and  all  public  property 
of  every  description  found  in  the  city,  the  castle  of  San 
Juan  de  Ulloa  and  their  dependencies,  to  belong  to  the 
United  States  ;  but  the  armament  of  the  same  (not  injured 
or  destroyed  in  the  further  prosecution  of  the  actual  war), 
may  be  considered  as  liable  to  be  restored  to  Mexico  by  a 
definite  treaty  of  peace. 

"  6.  The  sick  and  wounded  Mexicans  to  be  allowed  to 
remain  in  the  city,  with  such  medical  officers  and  attend 
ants,  and  officers  of  the  army,  as  may  be  necessary  to  their 
care  and  treatment. 

"  7.  Absolute  protection  is  solemnly  guaranteed  to  per- 


BATTLES    OF    MEXICO.  77 

sons  in  IMC  city,  and  property,  and  it  is  clearly  under 
stood  that  no  private  building  or  property  is  to  be  taken 
or  used  by  the  forces  of  the  United  States,  without  previ 
ous  arrangement  with  the  owners,  and  for  a  fair  equiva 
lent. 

"  8.  Absolute  freedom  of  religions  worship  and  cer« 
monies  is  solemnly  guaranteed." 

At  the  surrender  on  the  27th,  our  army  were  drawn  up 
in  two  lines,  facing  each  other,  and  stretching  more  than  a 
mile.  The  enemy  left  the  city  at  ten  o'clock,  passed  be 
tween  our  lines,  laid  down  their  arms  and  colors  and 
marched  for  the  interior.  General  Worth  superintended 
the  evacuation  and  then  entered  the  city.  Our  flag  waf 
erected  over  the  Plaza  and  saluted  by  the  guns  of  the  city 
ami  squadron.  General  Worth  was  appointed  Militarj 
Governor. 


BATTLE  OF  SIERRA  GORDA. 

GENERAL  TWIGGS'  division  of  our  army  arrived,  within 
three  miles  of  the  position  of  the  enemy,  April  1 1th,  and 
General  Patterson's  on  the  12th.  On  the  16th,  we  had 
six  thousand  men  ready  for  action,  while  the  enemy  num 
bered  from  eight  to  twelve  thousand.  They  occupied 
a  chain  of  works  along  the  road,  the  nearest  of  which  was 
about  a  mile  and  a  quarter  from  General  Scott's  head 
quarters  v  The  road  over  which  we  had  to  pass,  was  bar 
ricaded  and  cut  up  in  every  way  to  impede  our  progress. 
Beyond  the  first  fortification  there  are  several  others  com 
pletely  commanding  the  gorge,  through  which  the  road  to 


78 


BATTLES    OF   MEXICO. 


Jalapa  runs.  There  were  twenty-four  pieces  of  field  ar 
tillery  besides  about  fourteen  heavy  cannon  in  position. 
The  high  and  rocky  ravine  of  the  river  protected  their 
right  flank  and  a  series  of  abrupt  and  apparently  impassa 
ble  mountains  and  ridges  covered  their  left.  A  front  at 
tack,  which  the  enemy  expected  on  account  of  our  bravery, 
must  have  been  fatal  to  us.  General  Scott  outwitted  the 
One  Leg  and  had  a  road  cut  to  the  right,  so  as  to  escape 
the  front  fire,  and  turn  his  position  on  the  left  flank.  A 
deserter  from  our  camp  made  this  known  to  the  enemy, 
and  they  sent  General  La  Vega  with  a  large  force  to  aid 
the  left  flank. 

General  Scott,  on  the  17th  of  April,  to  cover  his  flank 
movements,  sent  General  Twiggs  against  the  fort  on  the 
steep  ascent  in  front,  and  a  little  to  the  left  of  the  Sierra. 
This  expedition  was  commanded  by  Colonel  Harney,  who 
carried  the  position  under  a  heavy  fire  of  grape  and  musket 
ry.  This  was  an  important  post  gained,  situated  in  front 
and  near  the  enemy's  strongest  fortification.  By  great 
labor,  one  of  our  large  guns  was  placed  upon  the  top  of 
the  fort,  and  blazed  away  at  a  strong  fort  in  the  rear  $  but 
with  little  effect. 

April  18th,  early  in  the  morning,  our  army  moved  to 
the  attack  in  columns.  General  Twiggs's  division  attack 
ed  the  enemy's  left  and  carried  the  breast  works  after  a 
slight  resistance,  at  the  point  of  the  bayonet,  and  com 
pletely  routed  the  enemy  at  that  point.  Pillow's  brigade, 
accompanied  by  General  Shields's,  passed  along  the  Jala- 
pa  road  with  rapidity,  and  took  a  position  to  stop  the  re 
treat  of  .the  enemy.  General  Worth  moved  forward  to 
ward  the  left  to  aid  Twiggs.  Twiggs  had  steep  and 
ough  ground  to  pass  over ,  was  constantly  exposed  to 


BATTLES    OF    MEXICO.  79 

the  fire  of  the  enemy  in  front  and  to  the  cross-fire  of  the 
forts  and  batteries. 

The  fight  was  tremendous  for  a  short  time,  and  finally 
the  enemy  gave  way  on  all  sides.  Three  thousand  men 
with  field  and  other  officers  surrendered.  A  large  amount 
of  small  arms,  ordnance  and  batteries  were  taken.  Six 
thousand  of  the  enemy  gained  the  rear  of  our  army  on  the 
Jalapa  road  and  were  pursued.  We  lost  two  hundred  and 
fifty  killed  and  wounded,  and  among  the  latter  was  Gene 
ral  Shields.  The  Mexican  loss  was  about  one  hundred 
more  than  ours,  besides  those  taken  prisoners.  We  cap 
tured  thirty  pieces  of  cannon,  much  ammunition,  and  the 
private  baggage  and  money  chest  of  Santa  Anna,  contain 
ing  twenty  thousand  dollars.  On  the  19th,  Jalapa,  and 
on  the  22d,  Perote,  were  taken  without  opposition. 

Nothing  prevented  our  men  from  being  utterly  destroyed 
but  the  steepness  of  the  ascent  under  which  they  could 
shelter.  But  they  sought  no  shelter,  and  onward  rushed 
against  a  hailstorm  of  balls  and  musket-shot,  led  by  the 
gallant  Harney,  whose  noble  bearing  elicited  the  applause 
of  the  whole  army.  His  conspicuous  and  stalwart  frame 
at  the  head  of  his  brigade,  his  long  arm  waving  his  men 
on  to  the  charge,  his  sturdy  voice  ringing  above  the  clash 
of  arms  and  din  of  conflict,  attracted  the  attention  and  ad 
miration  alike  of  the  enemy  and  of  our  own  men.  On,  on, 
he  led  the  columns,  whose  front  lines  melted  before  the 
enemy's  fire  like  sr^ow-flakes  in  a  torrent,  and  staid  not 
their  course  until  leaping  over  the  rocky  barriers,  and 
bayonetting  their  gunners,  they  drove  the  enemy  pell  mell 
from  the  fort,  delivering  a  deadly  fire  into  their  ranks,  from 
their  own  guns,  as  they  hastily  retired. 

General  Scott,  between  whom  and  Colonel  Harney 
there  had  existed  some  coolness,  rode  up  to  the  colonel 


§0  BATTLES    OF    MEXICO. 

after  this  achievement,  and  remarked  to  him — "  Colonel 
Harney,  I  cannot  now  adequately  express  my  admiration 
of  your  gallant  achievement,  but  at  the  proper  time  I  shall 
take  great  pleasure  in  thanking  you  in  proper  terms." 

It  was  here  the  enemy  received  their  heaviest  loss,  and 
their  General  Vasquez  was  killed.  A  little  after,  General 
Worth,  having,  by  great  exertions,  passed  the  steep  and 
craggy  heights  on  the  enemy's  left,  summoned  a  strong 
fort  in  the  rear  of  the  Sierra  to  surrender.  This  fort  was 
manned  by  a  large  force  under  General  Pinzon,  a  mulatto 
officer  of  considerable  ability  and  courage,  who,  seeing  the 
Sierra  carried,  thought  prudent  to  surrender,  which  he  did 
with  all  his  force.  General  Shields  was  not  so  fortunate 
in  the  battery  which  he  attacked,  and  which  was  com 
manded  by  General  la  Vega.  A  heavy  fire  was  opened 
on  him,  under  which  the  fort  was  carried  with  some  loss 
by  the  gallant  Illinoisians,  under  Baker  and  Bennett,  sup 
ported  by  the  New  Yorkers,  under  Burnett.  Among  those 
who  fell  under  this  fire  was  the  gallant  general,  who  re 
ceived  a  grape-shot  through  his  lungs,  by  which  he  was 
completely  paralyzed,  and  at  the  last  account  was  in  a 
lingering  state.  On  the  enemy's  right,  General  Pillow 
commenced  the  attack  against  the  strong  forts  near  the 
river.  The  Tennesseeans,  under  Haskell,  led  the  column, 
and  the  other  volunteer  regiments  followed.  This  column 
unexpectedly  encountered  a  heavy  fire  from  a  masked 
battery,  by  which  Haskell's  regiment  was  nearly  cut  to 
pieces,  and  the  other  volunteer  regiments  were  severely 
handled.  General  Pillow  withdrew  his  men,  and  was 
preparing  for  another  attack,  when  the  operations  at  the 
other  points  having  proved  successful,  the  enemy  conclud 
ed  to  surrender.  Thus  the  victory  was  complete,  and 
ibtir  generals,  and  about  six  'thousand  men,  were  taken 


BATTLES  OF  MEXICO. 


81 


by  -our  army.  One  of  their  principal  generals 
and  a  large  number  of  other  officers  killed.  The  Mexican 
force  on  this  'occasion  certainly  exceeded  our  own." 

In  addition  to  the  loss  of  the  enemy  in  killed  and  taken 
they  lost  about  thirty  pieces  of  brass  cannon,  mostly  of 
large  calibre,  manufactured  at  the  royal  foundry  of  Seville. 
A  large  quantity  of  fixed  ammunition,  of  a  very  superior 
quality,  together  with  the  private  baggage  and  money- 
<chest  of  Santa  Anna,  containing  twenty  thousand  dollars, 
was  also  captured. 

On  the  same  day  that  the  battle  of  Sierra  Gordo  was 
fought,  a  portion  of  the  American  Gulf  Squadron,  undei 
Commodore  Perry,  captured  the  town  of  Tuspan,  on  th* 
Gulf. 

On  the  19th,  the  city  of  Jalapa  was  captured  by  a  de 
tachment  under  General  Twiggs  ;  and  on  the  22d,  Gene 
ral  Worth  entered  the  town  of  Perote,  Both  these  cities 
\vere  taken  without  opposition  $  and  in  the  latter  were 
found  immense  stores  of  small  arms,  ammunition,  and  the 
large  guns  of  the  city  and  castle. 


BATTLE  OF  CHUUUBUSCO. 

GENERAL  SCOTT  remained  inactive  for  awhile  before 
entering  the  capital,  hoping  to  be  re-enforced,  his  head- 
quarters  being  at  Puebla,  while  the  Mexicans,  notwith 
standing  their  repulses  and  severe  losses,  were  busy  in 
collecting  another  army  and  fortifying  every  entrance  to 

v*iO  Cl'^  .  ^fm  implementation  ot  this  R»»».IR  sen  cover  » 


82  BATTLES    OF    MEXICO. 

Aug.  8th,  our  army,  having  received  a  few  re-enforce- 
inents,  marched  towards  the  capital,  and  reached  Ayotla 
on  the  12th,  where  there  was  a  strong  fortification  called 
St.  Pinon.  It  was  reconnoitred  and  found  to  be  very 
strong  by  nature  and  art.  It  was  thought,  that  it  would 
be  hazardous  to  attack  it,  as  was  anticipated  by  the  Mexi- 
v,aris.  Scott  here  again  outwitted  Santa  Anna,  for  he 
found  a  road  south  of  Lake  Charles,  opening  into  that  from 
Vera  Cruz,  below  Ayotla,  which  would  enable  our  army 
to  pass  around  the  fort;  but  the  march  was  a  very  difficult 
one,  for  heavy  rains  had  filled  the  low  places  so  that  the 
soldiers  were  often  obliged  to  wade.  The  steep  and  rug 
ged  heights  were  to  be  crossed  :  and  the  paths  and  gorges 
were  filled  with  immense  stones,  which  had  been  rolled 
in  by  the  enemy.  The  men  became  weary  during  the 
day,  and  the  nights  were  dark  and  wet,  which  added  to 
their  discouragements. 

On  the  17th,  our  advance  arrived  at  San  Augustin,  a 
small  town  about  twelve  miles  south  of  the  capital ;  Gene 
ral  Worth  led  on  his  men  to>  take  possession  of  a  hacienda 
n-ear  the  fortification  of  San  Antonio,  for  the  purpose  of 
attacking  that  place.  They  captured  the  village ;  but 
Capt.  Thornton  was  killed  in  taking  a  reconnoissance,  from 
a  heavy  discharge  of  artillery  by  the  enemy.  One  or  two 
of  our  men  were  wounded.  A  squadron  of  artillery  and  a 
battalion  of  infantry  were  near  the  redoubt,  hoping  to 
make  an  attack  in  the  afternoon,  but  a  rain  set  in,  and 
General  Scott  thought  best  to  withdraw  them.  Had  the 
batteries  of  the  enemy  opened  with  energy  upon  this  de 
tachment,  it  would  probably  have  been  obliged  to  retire 
or  been  cut  to  pieces ;  but  fortunately  the  guns  were  si 
lent  all  night. 


BATTLES    OF    MEXICO. 


83 


During  the  night,  the  divisions  of  Pillow  and  Twiggs 
marched  towards  the  strong  works  of  Contreras,  to  be 
prepared  for  an  assault  in  the  morning.  This  was  a  very 
fatiguing  march.  The  darkness  of  the  night,  the  torrents 
of  rain  pouring  down  upon  them,  the  wild  roaring  of  the 
winds,  the  ridges  from  rocks  of  lava  to  pass  over,  the 
denseness  of  the  brushwood,  the  swollen  streams  to  cross, 
presented  difficulties  rarely  surpassed. 

At  eight  the  next  morning,  the  batteries  of  the  enemy 
opened  upon  the  hacienda  of  San  Antonio,  where  General 
Worth  was  posted.  This  cannonading  was  heavy.  The 
air  was  shaken  by  the  heavy  explosions,  while  houses  and 
even  strong  fortifications  were  shattered  to  pieces  and  fell 
in  thundering  ruins,  beneath  the  showers  of  shot  and 
shells.  Almost  all  of  the  streets  were  swept  by  bullets 
and  large  bombs  which  burst  in  the  air,  and  hurled  slugs, 
shot  and  fragments  among  our  ranks,  making  sad  havoc. 
But  the  Yankees  were  not  frightened  yet.  They  placed 
themselves  behind  walls  and  buildings,  and  calmly,  amid 
this  scene  of  confusion,  prepared  for  action.  Soon  the 
divisions  of  Pillow  and  Twiggs  moved  on  towards  Con 
treras,  arriving  about  one  P.  M.  General  P.  F.  Smith 
was  ordered  to  march  up  in  front  of  the  enemy's  works, 
and  Colonel  Riley,  to  move  with  rapidity  towards  the 
right,  gain  the  main  road,  and  prevent  any  re-enforcements 
of  the  enemy.  Smith  dashed  forward  under  a  tremendous 
fire  and  secured  a  good  position  for  his  artillery.  Every 
battery  and  gun  on  both  sides  roared  away  with  horrible 
sublimity  and  actually  shook  the  ground  for  miles  around, 
ana  their  reverberations  rolled  with  grandeur  along  the 
lofty  ridges  of  the  mountains.  The  few  guns  of  our  ad 
vanced  battery  were  soon  silenced,  and  General  Pierce 
proceeded  to  the  relief  of  General  Smith. 


84 


BATTLES  or 


At  this  time,  large  re-enforcements  of  the  enemy  ap^ 
preached  Contreras,  and  General  Cadwallader  hastened  t(9 
re-enforce  Riley.  The  contest  was  now  terrific/  Neither 
army  would  yield  an  inch  o-f  ground. 

At  four  o'clock,  General  Scott  passed  along  the  lincSj 
and  was  welcomed  by  art  enthusiastic'  shout.  Perceiving 
the  immense  strength  of  the  enemy,  he  ordered  General 
Shields  to  re-enforce  Riley  and  Cadwallader,  arid  strength-' 
en  omr  army  hi  front  of  the  enemy.  Now  the  battle  ragets 
Higher  gtiDy  and  hundreds  fell  to  rise  no  iftore.  This  dread-* 
ful  carnage  was  kept  up  for  six  hours,  when  the*  darkness 
of  night  closed-  the  scene,  and  the  eann-orrs  ceased  their 
roar.  Chir  men  were  disappointed,  as  they  expected  by 
that  time  to-  have  been  in  the  "  Halls  of  the  Montezumas.'* 
They  were  obliged  to  lie  upon  the  cold,  wet  gfotmd,  with 
out  blankets,,  to  rest  for  the  night. 

At  eight  o'clock  in  the  evening,  General  Scott  retired 
to  San  Augnstin,  and  Twiggs  and  Pillow  we*nt  at  eleven* 

Seott  and  Wo?th  set  ouft  for  Contreras  early  the  next 
morning.  Fifing  was  he*a?d,  and  so-on  a  messenger  came> 
saying  that  General  Worth  had  eafried  the  whole  line  of 
fortifications  at  Contreras-,  He  planned  and  executed  the 
undertaking  in  a  skilful  manner  ami  whh  little  loss.  He? 
took  fifteen  hundred  of  the  enemy  prisoners,  including 
Generals  Salasy  Blanca,  Garcia  and  Mendoza.  He  also 
captured  an  immense  amount  of  ammunition  and  camp? 
equipage,  and  fifteen  pieces  of  artillery,  among  them  the* 
two  taken  from  Capt,  OJ Brier*  at  Buena  Vista;  severe 
hundred  of  the  enemy  were  killed  and  many  more 
wounded* 

General  Scott  now  sent  General  Worth  to  attack  SAW 
Antonio^  while  he  with  a  force  would  go  in  its  rear.  The 


BATTLES   OF    MEXICO.  §5 

soldiers  passed  over  the  battle-field  of  the  previous  day, 
and  the  scene  which  was  presented  was  enough  to  make 
the  hardy  soldier  shudder  and  feel  sick  in  view  of  the 
horrors  of  war.  Hundreds  lay  covered  with  blood,  stiff 
and  cold  in  death,  while  others  were  uttering  piteous 
groans  and  begged  for  water.  The  streams  actually  run 
with  human  blood.  What  a  shocking  scene  !  How  sur 
prising  that  nations  will  thus  imbue  their  hands  in  each 
other's  blood ! 

When  the  force  reached  San  Pablo,  another  action  com 
menced,  and  at  the  same  time  Worth's  cannon  were  heard 
roaring  away  at  Churubusco.  The  flower  of  both  armies 
were  now  engaged  in  terrible  combat.  The  rattling  of  the 
musketry,  the  clash  of  arms,  and  the  deafening  roar  of  the 
cannon  and  the  groans  of  the  dying,  made  the  scene  truly 
awful  1 

Scott  was  in  the  midst  of  danger  encouraging  his  men, 
while  Worth  and  Twiggs  were  cheering  their  soldiers  on. 
Thus,  one  of  the  severest  conflicts  ever  witnessed  on  this 
continent,  raged  with  increasing  power  for  two  hours. 
Finally  our  forces  gained  full  possession  of  all  the  works, 
and  the  enemy  fled  in  dismay  to  the  city.  Worth  follow 
ed  them  almost  to  the  gates. 

The  next  morning,  a  detachment  of  our  men  entered 
Chapultepec  without  opposition. 

Soon  after  this,  Santa  Anna  sent  flags,  proposing  a  sus 
pension  oi  hostilities.  Negotiations  took  place,  and  tie 
following  armistice  was  adopted,  August  20th  : 

THE  ARMISTICE. 

The  undersigned,  appointed  respectively,  the  first  three 
6jr  Major-general  Winfield  Scott,  comma nxler-in-chief  of 


£6  BATTLES    OF    MEXICO. 

the  armies  of  the  United  States,  and  the  last  two  !>y  hfa 
Excellency  D.  Antonio  Lopez  de  Santa  Anna,  President 
of  the  Mexican  Republic,  and  commander-in-chief  of  its 
armies,  met  with  full  powers,  which  were  fully  verified  in 
the  village  of  Tucubaya,  on  the  23d  day  of  August,  1847 , 
to  enter  into  an  armistice  for  the  purpose  of  giving  the 
Mexican  government  an  opportunity  of  receiving  proposi 
tions  of  peace  from  the  commissioners  appointed  by  the 
President  of  the  United  States,  and  now  with  the  Amsri- 
can  army  ;  when  the  following  articles  were  agreed  upon  : 
ART.  1.  Hostilities  shall  instantly  and  absolutely  cease 
between  the  armies  of  the  United  States  of  America  and 
the  United  Mexican  States,  within  thirty  leagues  of  the 
capital  of  the  latter  States,  to  allow  time  to  the  commission 
ers  appointed  by  the  United  States  and  the  commissioners 
to  be  appointed  by  the  Mexican  Republic  to  negotiate. 

2.  The  armistice  shall  continue  as  long  as  the  commis 
sioners  of  the  two  governments  may  be  engaged  on  nego 
tiations,  or  until  the  commander  of  either  of  the  said  armies 
shall  give  formal  notice  to  the  other  of  the  cessation  of  the 
armistice  for  forty-eight  hours  after  such  notice. 

3.  In  the  mean  time,  neither  army  shall,  within  thirty 
leagues  of  the  city  of  Mexico,  commence  any  new  for 
tification  or  military  work  of  offence  or  defence,  or  do  any 
thing  to  enlarge  or  strengthen  any  existing  work  or  for 
tification  of  that  character  within  the  said  limits. 

4.  Neither  army  shall  be  reinforced  within  the  same. 
Any  reinforcements  in  troops  or  munitions  of  war,  other 
than  subsistence  now  approaching  either  army,  shall  be 
stopped  at  the  distance  of  twenty-eight  leagues  from  the 
city  of  Mexico. 

5.  Neither  army,  nor  any  detachment  from  it,  shall  ad* 
vance  beyond  the  line  it  at  present  occupies. 


BATTLES    OF   MEXICO.  87 

6.  Neither  army,  nor  any  detachment  or  individual  of 
either,  shall  pass  the  neutral  limits  established  by  the  last 
article,  except  under  a  flag  of  truce  bearing  the  correspond 
ence  between  the  two  armies,  or  on  the  business  author 
ized  by  the  next  article  ;  and  individuals  of  either  army, 
who  may  chance  to  straggle  within  the  neutral  limits,  shall, 
by  the  opposite  party,  be  kindly  warned  off,  or  sent  back 
to  their  own  armies  under  flags  of  truce. 

7.  The  American  army  shall  not,  by  violence,  obstruct 
^ne  passage  from  the  open  country  into  the  city  of  Mexico, 
of  the  ordinary  supplies  of  food  necessary  to  the  consump 
tion  of  its  inhabitants,  or  the  Mexican  army  within  the 
city  ;  nor  shall  the  Mexican  authorities,  civil  or  military, 
<lo  any  act  to  obstruct  the  passage  of  supplies  from  the 
city  or  country,  needed  by  the  American  army. 

8.  All  American  prisoners  of  war  remaining  in  the  hands 
of  the  Mexican  army,  and  not  heretofore  exchanged,  shall 
immediately,  or  as  soon  as  practicable,  be  restored  to  the 
American  army,  against  a  like  number,  having  regard  to 
rank,  of  Mexican  prisoners  captured  by  the  American 
army. 

9.  All  American  citizens  who  were  established  in  the 
city  of  Mexico  prior  to  the  existing  war,  and  who  have 
since  been  expelled  from  that  city,   shall  be  allowed  to 
return  to  their  respective  business  or  families  therein,  with 
out  delay  or  molestation. 

10.  The  better  to  enable  the  belligerent  armies  to  exe 
cute  these  articles,  and  to  favor  the  great  object  of  peace, 
it  is  further  agreed  between  the  parties,  that  any  courier 
with  despatches  that  either  army  shall  desire  to  send  along 
the  line  from  the  city  of  Mexico  or  its  vicinity,  to  and  from 
Vera  Cruz,  shall  receive  a  safe  conduct  from  the  com- 
raander  of  the  opposing  army. 


oo  BATTLES    OF    MEXICO, 

oo 

11.  The  administration  of  justice  between 
according  to  the  general  and  state  constitutions  a,»d  laws, 
by  the  local  authorities  of  the  towns  and  places  occupied 
by  the  American  forces,  shall  not  be  obstructed  in  any 
manner. 

12.  Persons  and   property  shall   be  respected   in   the 
towns  and  places  occupied  by  the  American  forces.     No 
person  shall  be  molested  in  the  exercise  of  his  profession  - 
nor  shall  the  services  of  any  one  be  required  without  his 
consent.     In  all  cases  where  services  are  voluntarily  ren 
dered,  a  just  price  shall  be  paid,  and  trade  remain  unmo- 
•  ested. 

13.  Those  wounded  prisoners  who  may  desire  to  remove 
to  some  more  convenient  place,  for  the  purpose  of  being 
cured  of  their  wounds,  shall  be  allowed  to  do  so  without 
molestation,  they  still  remaining  prisoners. 

14.  The  Mexican  medical  officers  who   may  wish  to 
attend  the  wounded  shall  have  the  privilege  of  doing  so, 
if  their  services  be  required. 

15.  For  the  more  perfect  execution  of  this  agreement, 
two  commissioners  shall  be  appointed,  one  by  each  party, 
who,  in  case  of  disagreement,  shall  appoint  a  third. 

16.  This  convention  shall  have  no  force  or  effect,  unless 
approved  by  their  excellencies,  the  commanders  respec 
tively  of  the  two  armies,  within  twenty-four  hours,  reckon 
ing  from  the  sixth  hour  of  the  23d  day  of  August,  1847* 

A.  QUITMAN,  Maj.  Gen.  U.  S.  Jt. 
PERSIFOR  F.  SMITH,  Brig.  Gen. 
FRANKLIN  PIERCE,  Brig.  Gen.  U.  S.  Jl. 
IGNACIO  DE  MARA  Y  VILLAMIL* 
BENITO  QUIJANO. 


BATTLES   OF   MEXICO. 


89 


It  13  believed  that  the  whole  force  of  the  Mexicans,  in 
these  brilliant  engagements,  was  about  thirty-two  thou 
sand  men.  They  lost  between  five  and  six  thousand,  in 
cluding  thirteen  generals  and  forty-five  pieces  of  cannon. 
Our  army  consisted  of  seven  thousand,  eleven  hundred  of 
whom  were  killed  or  wounded.  What  a  terrible  slaugh 
ter  ! 

After  the  armistice  was  agreed  upon,  various  meetings 
took  place  between  Mr.  Trist,  the  American  minister,  and 
Mexican  Commissioners,  and  endeavors  were  made  to  ef 
fect  a  treaty  of  peace,  until  September  2d,  when  Trist 
handed  in  his  ultimatum  in  reference  to  the  boundary  line, 
and  the  Commissioners  were  to  meet  again  on  the  16th. 

Some  infractions  of  the  truce  were  made  by  the  enemy, 
in  reference  to  our  supplies  from  the  city ;  but  the  Mexi 
cans  apologized. 

It  appears  that  as  soon  as  the  propositions  of  Trist  were 
considered  in  a  grand  council  of  ministers  and  otherSj 
Santa  Anna,  on  the  4th  and  5th.,  without  giving  any  no 
tice  to  General  Scott,  commenced  again  fortifying  the 
city,  directly  in  opposition  to  the  armistice.  Scott  imme 
diately  sent  him  a  note,  which  was  answered  in  a  false* 
and  impudent  manner. 

Our  arrangements  were  delayed  more  than  two  weeks 
by  the  armistice.  It  is  probable  that  Santa  Anna  only 
entered  into  it  for  the  ourpose  of  gaining  Time. 


g0  BATTLES    OF   MEXICO. 

BATTLE  OF  MEXICO. 

SEPT.  7th,  General  Scott  began  to  reconnoitre  the  dif 
ferent  approaches  to  the  city  within  his  reach.  In  the 
afternoon,  a  large  body  of  the  enemy  were  seen 
around  the  Molinos  del  Rey  (Mills),  about  a  mile  and  a 
third  from  Tucubaya,  the  head-quarters  of  our  army. 
These  mills  were  repositories  of  ammunition,  and  there 
was  a  foundry  there  for  casting  cannon.  There  was  a 
formidable  castle  in  the  hands  of  the  enemy  on  the  heights 
of  Chapultepec,  between  the  mills  and  the  gates  of  the 
capital.  There  were  eight  city  gates  strongly  fortified. 
It  was  impossible  to  stop  communication  between  the 
mills  and  the  capital,  without  first  taking  the  castle.  Pre 
paratory  to  storming  it,  it  was  thought  best  to  capture  the 
mills.  Accordingly,  on  the  8th,  General  Worth's  divi 
sion,  re-enforced  by  Cadwallader's  brigade,  Pillow's  divi 
sion,  three  squadrons  of  dragoons  under  Major  Sumner, 
and  some  heavy  guns  of  the  siege  train  under  Capt.  Hu- 
ger  of  the  ordnance,  and  Capt.  Drum  of  the  7th  artillery, 
undertook  the  enterprise.  They  moved  towards  the  ene 
my  and  soon  met  them.  There  was  much  energy  mani 
fested  on  both  sides.  The  enemy  several  times  were  re- 
enforced,  and  the  action  becoming  much  more  general 
than  was  expected,  General  Scott  called  to  our  aid  from 
the  distance  of  three  miles.  Gen.  Pillow,  with  his  remain 
ing  brigade  (Piercc's),  and  then  Riley's  brigade  of  Twiggs' 
division.  These  forces  approached  with  great  rapidity  ; 
but  the  victory  was  won  just  as  General  Pierce  reached 
the  ground  and  placed  his  command  between  Worth's  di 
vision  and  the  retreating  enemy.  Thus  again  were  our 


BATTLES   OF    MEXICO. 

forces  victorious.  Various  daring  reconnoisances  now 
took  place,  of  the  castle  and  approaches  to  the  city.  The 
latter  stands  on  a  slight  swell  of  ground,  near  the  centre 
of  an  irregular  basin,  and  is  girdled  with  a  ditch  in  its 
greater  extent — a  navigable  canal  of  great  breadth  and 
depth — very  difficult  to  bridge,  in  the  presence  of  an  ene 
my,  having  eight  entrenches  or  gates,  over  arches — each 
of  which  was  defended  by  a  system  of  strong  works  that 
seemed  to  require  nothing  but  some  men  and  guns  to  be 
impregnable. 

Outside  and  within  the  cross-fire  of  those  gates,  to  the 
south,  are  other  obstacles  but  little  less  formidable.  All 
approaches  near  the  city  were  over  elevated  causeways, 
cut  in  many  places  (to  oppose  us)  and  flanked  on  both 
sides,  by  ditches  also  of  unusual  dimensions.  The  nume 
rous  cross-roads  were  flanked,  in  like  manner,  having 
bridges  at  the  intersections,  recently  broken.  The  mead 
ows  thus  checked,  were,  moreover,  in  many  spots,  under 
water  or  marshy. 

After  close  observation,  it  was  decided,  on  the  llth,  to 
move  round  to  the  south-west  and  west  part  of  the  capital, 
believing  that  the  approaches  would  present  less  formida 
ble  obstacles.  Accordingly,  Scott  ordered  Quitman's  di 
vision  from  Coyoacan,  to  join  Pillow  by  daylight,  before 
the  southern  gates,  and  that  they  should  by  night,  proceed 
(two  miles)  to  join  Scott  at  Tucubaya,  where  he  was  quar 
tered  with  Worth's  division.  Twiggs,  with  Riley's  brigado 
and  Captains  Taylor's  and  Steptoe's  field  batteries — the 
latter  12-pounders — was  left  in  front  of  those  gates — to 
manoeuvre,  to  threaten,  or  to  make  false  attacks,  in  order 
to  occupy  and  deceive  the  enemy.  Twiggs'  other  brigade 
(Smith's)  was  left  at  supporting  distance3  in  the  rear,  at 


92 


BATTLES   OF   MEXICO. 


San  Angel,  till  the  morning  of  the  13th,  and  also  to  sup 
port  our  general  depot  at  Miscoaque.  The  stratagem 
against  the  south  was  admirably  executed  throughout  the 
12th,  and  down  to  the  afternoon  of  the  13th,  when  it  was 
too  late  for  the  enemy  to  recover  from  the  effects  of  his 
delusion. 

The  first  step  in  the  new  movement  was  to  carry  the 
Castle  of  Chapultepec.  Besides  a  numerous  garrison, 
here  was  the  military  college  of  the  Republic  with  a  large 
number  of  sub-lieutenants  and  other  students.  Those 
works  were  within  direct  gun-shot  of  the  village  of  Tucu- 
baya,  and  until  carried,  we  could  not  approach  the  city  on 
the  west  without  making  a  circuit  too  wide  and  too  haz 
ardous. 

During  the  same  night  (that  of  the  llth)  heavy  batteries 
were  established.  No.  1,  on  the  right,  under  the  com 
mand  of  Capt.  Drum,  4th  artillery  (relieved  late  next  day, 
for  some  hours,  by  Lieut.  Andrews  of  the  3d),  and  No.  2, 
commanded  by  Lieut.  Huger,  ordnance — both  supported 
by  Quitman's  division.  Nos.  3  and  4,  on  the  opposite  side, 
supported  by  Pillow's  division,  were  commanded,  the  for 
mer  by  Capt.  Brooks  and  Lieut.  S.  S.  Anderson,  2d  artil 
lery,  alternately,  and  the  latter  by  Lieut.  Stone,  ordnance. 

The  bombardment  and  cannonade,  under  the  direction 
of  Capt.  Huger,  were  commenced  early  in  the  morning  of 
the  12th,  and  before  night  a  good  impression  had  been 
made  on  the  castle  and  its  outworks. 

Pillow  and  Quitman  had  been  in  position  since  early  in 
the  night  of  the  llth.  In  the  morning,  Worth  was  order 
ed  to  hold  his  division  in  reserve,  near  the  foundry,  to 
support  Pillow  ;  and  Brigadier  General  Smith,  of  Twiggs* 
division,  had  just  arrived  with  his  brigade,  from  Piedad, 


BATTLES  Of  MEXICO.  gg 

fS  miles]  to  support  Quitman.  Twiggs'  guns^  before  the 
Uouthern  gates,  again  reminded  us,  as  the  day  before,  that 
he,  with  Riley's  brigade,  and  Taylor's  and  Steptoe's  bat 
teries,  was  in  activity,  threatening  the  southern  gates,  and 
there  holding  a  gfeat  part  of  the  Mexican  army  on  the  de- 
iensive. 

Worth's  division  furnished  Pillow's  attack  with  aft 
assaulting  party  of  some  250  volunteer  officers  and  men, 
tinder  Capt*  McKenfcie,  of  the  2d  artillery,  and  Tsviggs'  di 
vision  supplied  a  similar  one,  commanded  by  Captain 
Casey,  3d  infantry,  to  Quitman.  Each  of  those  little 
columns  was  furnished  with  scaling  ladders. 

The  signal  for  the  attack  was  to  be  the  momentary  ces 
sation  of  fire  on  the  part  of  our  heavy  batteries.  About 
8  o'clock  A.  M.,  of  the  13th,  Scott  sent  to  Pillow  and 
Quitman)  with  notice  that  the  concerted  signal  was  about 
to  be  given. 

Both  columns  now  advanced.  The  batteries  threw  shots 
and  shells  upon  the  enemy  over  the  heads  of  our  men,  with 
good  effect* 

Major  General  Pillow's  approach,  on  the  west  side,  lay 
through  an  open  grove,  filled  with  sharp  shooters,  who 
were  speedily  dislodged  ;  when,  being  Up  hill  with  the  front 
of  the  attack,  and  emerging  into  open  space,  at  the  foot  of 
a  rocky  acclivity,  that  gallant  leader  was  struck  down  by 
an  agonizing  wound* 

The  immediate  command  devolved  on  General  Cadwal- 
lader.  On  a  previous  call  of  Pillow,  Worth  had  just  sent 
him  a  reinforcement,  Col.  Clark's  brigade. 

The  broken  declivity  was  still  to  be  ascended  and  a 
strong  redoubt  midway  to  be  carried,  before  reaching  the 
castle  on  the  heights.  The  advance  of  our  men,  though 


94  BATTLES   OF   MEXICO. 

aecessarily  slow,  was  unwavering,  over  rocks,  chasms  and 
mines,  and  under  the  hottest  fire  of  cannon  and  musketry. 

The  enemy  were  steadily  driven  from  shelter  to  shelter. 
— The  retreat  allowed  not  time  to  fire  a  single  mine,  with 
out  the  certainty  of  blowing  up  friend  and  foe.  Those, 
who,  at  a  distance,  attempted  to  apply  matches  to  the  long 
trains  were  shot  down  by  our  men. 

There  was  death  below  as  well  as  above  ground.  At 
length  the  ditch  and  wall  of  the  main  work  were  reached  ; 
i.he  scaling  ladders  were  brought  up  and  planted  by  the 
:itorming  parties ;  some  of  the  daring  spirits  first  in  the 
assault  were  cast  down — killed  or  wounded  ;  but  a  lodg 
ment  was  soon  made  ;  streams  of  heroes  followed ;  all 
opposition  was  overcome,  and  several  of  our  regimental 
colors  flung  out  from  the  upper  walls,  amidst  long-con- 
fmued  shouts  and  cheers,  which  sent  dismay  into  the  capi 
tal.  No  scene  could  have  been  more  animating. 

General  Quitman,  supported  by  Generals  Shields  anc1 
Smith,  [P.  F.]  his  other  officers  and  men,  was  up  with  the 
\iart  assigned  him.  Simultaneously  with  the  movement 
un  the  west,  he  approached  the  southeast  of  the  same 
••vorks  over  a  causeway  with  cuts  and  batteries,  and  de 
fended  by  an  army  strongly  posted  outside,  to  the  east  ol 
the  works.  Those  formidable  obstacles  Quitman  had  to 
face,  with  but  little  shelter  for  his  troops  or  space  for  man 
oeuvring.  Deep  ditches,  flanking  the  causeway,  made 
it  difficult  to  cross  on  either  side  into  the  adjoining  mead 
ows,  and  these  again  were  intersected  by  other  ditches. 
Smith  and  his  brigade  made  a  sweep  to  the  right,  in  order 
to  present  a  front  against  the  enemy's  line  (outside),  and 
to  turn  into  intervening  batteries,  near  the  foot  of  Chapul- 
tepec.  This  movement  was  also  intended  to  support 


BATTLES    OF   MEXICO.  95 

Quitman's  storming  parties,  both  on  the  causeway.  The 
first  of  these,  furnished  by  Twiggs'  division,  was  com 
manded  in  succession  by  Capt.  Casey,  2d  infantry,  and 
Capt.  Paul,  7th  infantry,  after  Casey  had  been  severely 
wounded  ;  and  the  second,  under  Major  Twiggs,  marine 
corps,  killed,  and  then  Capt.  Miller,  2d  Pennsylvania  vo 
lunteers.  The  storming  party,  now  commanded  by  Capt. 
Paul,  seconded  by  Captain  Roberts  of  the  rifles,  Lieut. 
Stewart,  and  others  of  the  same  regiment,  Smith's  brigade, 
carried  the  two  batteries  in  the  road,  took  some  guns,  with 
many  prisoners,  and  drove  the  enemy  posted  behind  in 
support.  The  New  York  and  South  Carolina  volunteers 
(Shields'  brigade)  and  the  2d  Pennsylvania  volunteers,  all 
on  the  left  of  Quitman's  line,  together  with  portions  of  hi? 
storming  parties,  crossed  the  meadows  in  front,  under  a 
heavy  fire,  and  entered  the  outer  enclosure  of  Chapultepec, 
just  in  time  to  join  in  the  final  assault  from  the  west. 

Generals  Pillow,  Quitman,  Shields,  Smith,  and  Cadwal. 
lader,  distinguished  themselves  in  these  brilliant  operations. 
Also  Colonel  Andrews,  Lieut.  Col.  Johnstone,  Major 
Caldwell.  Captains  Barnard  and  Riddle. 

These  operations  all  occurred  on  the  west,  southeast, 
and  heights  of  Chapultepec.  To  the  north,  and  at  th«» 
base  of  the  mound,  inaccessible  on  that  side,  the  llth  in 
fantry,  under  Lieut.  Col.  Hebert,  the  14th,  under  Col. 
Trousdale,  and  Capt.  Magruder's  field  battery,  1st  artillery 
— one  section  advanced  under  Lieut.  Jackson  all  of  Pil 
low's  division — had,  at  the  same  time,  some  spirited  affairs 
against  superior  numbers,  driving  the  enemy  from  a  battery 
in  the  road,  and  capturing  a  gun.  Col.  Trousdale,  the 
commander,  though  twice  wounded*  continued  on  duty 
until  the  heights  were  carried. 


gg  BATTLES  OF  MEXICO. 

Early  in  the  morning  of  the  13th,  Scott  ordered  Worth 
to  support  the  movement  of  Pillow  from  our  left*  The 
latter  soon  called  for  that  entire  division,  standing  momen 
tarily  in  reserve,,  and  Worth  sent  him  Col.  Clark's  brigade. 
The  enemy  in  the  road  in  front  of  Quitman's  right,  was 
receiving  reinforcements  from  the  city — less  than  a  mile 
and  a  half  to  the  east-^and  Worth)  on  our  opposite  flank> 
was  ordered  to  return  to  Chapultepec  with  his  division,  and 
to  proceed  cautiously  by  the  road  at  its  northern  base,  in 
order,  if  not  met  by  very  superior  numbers)  to  threaten  or 
to  attack,  in  rear,  that  body  of  the  enemy* 

Worth  promptly  advanced  with  his  remaining  brigade 
—Col.  Garland's— Lieut.  Col.  C.  F.  Smith's  light  batta 
lion,  Lieut.  Col.  Duncan's  squadrons  of  dragoons,  under 
Major  Sunnier. 

Having  turned  the  forest  on  the  west,  and  arriving  op* 
posite  to  the  north  centre  of  Chapultepec,  Worth  came  up 
with  the  troops  in  the  road,  under  Col.  Trousdale,  and 
aided  by  a  flank  movement  of  a  part  of  Garland's  brigade 
in  taking  .the  one-gun  breastwork,  then  under  the  fire  of 
Lieut.  Jackson's  section  of  Captain  Magruder's  field  bat» 
tery.  Continuing  to  advance,  this  division  passed  Cha 
pultepec,  attacking  the  right  of  the  enemy's  line,  resting 
on  that  road,  about  the  moment  of  the  general  retreat  con* 
sequent  upon  the  capture  of  the  formidable  castle  and  its 
outworks. 

There  are  two  routes  from  Chapultepec  to  the  capital— 
the  one  on  the  right  entering  the  same  gate,  Belen,  with 
the  road  from  the  south,  via  Piedad ;  and  the  other  ob 
liquing  to  intersect  the  great  western,  or  San  Cosme  road» 
in  a  suburb  outside  of  the  gate  of  San  Cosme. 

Each  of  these  routes  (an  elevated  causeway)  presents 


BATTLES  OF  MEXICO.  97  ' 

i 

l  rWble  roadway  on  the  sides  of  an  aqueduct  of  strong 
masonry,  and  great  height,  resting  on  open  arches  anol 
massive  pillars^  which,  together,  afford  fine  points  both 
for  attack  and  defence.  The  sideways  of  both  aqueducts 
are,  moreover^  defended  by  many  strong  breastworks  at 
the  gates,  and  before  reaching  them. 

Worth  and  Qiiitman  were  prompt  in  pursuing  the  re 
treating  enemy— the  former  by  the  San  Cosme  aqueduct, 
and  the  latter  along  that  of  Belen.  Each  had  now  ad 
vanced  some  hundred  yards.  The  enemy  fled  in  dismay. 

Scott  now  despatched  from  Chapul tepee — first  Clarke's 
brigade,  a&d  then  Cadwallader's,  to  the  support  of  Worth, 
and  gave  orders  that  tfoe  necessary  heavy  guns  should 
follow.  Pierce's  brigade  was,  at  the  same  time,  sent  to 
Quitman,  and,  in  the  course  of  the  afternoon,  some  ad 
ditional  siege  pieces  were  added  to  his  train.  Scott 
joined  the  advance  of  Worth,  within  the  suburb,  and 
!>eyond  the  turn  at  the  junction  of  the  aqueduct  with  th^, 
great  highway  from  the  west,  to  the  gate  of  San  Cosme. 

At  this  junction  of  roads,  we  first  passed  one  of  those 
formidable  systems  of  city  defences  spoken  of  above,  and 
it  had  not  a  gun  !  BSnCTOlt  Library 

Within  those  disganushed  works  o«r  troops  were  en 
gaged  in  a  street  fight  against  the  enemy  posted  in  gardens, 
at  windows,  and  on  house-tops — all  flat,  with  parapets. 
Worth  ordered  forward  the  mountain  howitzers  of  Cad- 
*wallader's  brigade,  preceded  by  skirmishers  and  pioneers, 
with  pickaxes  and  crowbars,  to  force  windows  and  doors, 
aaJ.  burrow  through  walls.  The  assailants  were  soon  in 
an  equality  -of  position  fatal  to  the  enemy.  By  8  o'clock 
an  the  evening  Worth  had  carried  two  batteries  in  this ' 
b,  He  here  pasted  guards  and  sentinels,  and  placed 


98  BATTLES   OF   MEXICO. 

his  troops  under  shelter  for  the  night.  There  was  but 
one  more  obstacle — the  San  Cosme  gate  (custom  house) — 
between  him  and  the  great  square  in  front  of  the  cathedral 
and  palace — the  heart  of  the  city  ;  and  that  barrier,  it  was 
known,  could  not,  by  daylight,  resist  our  siege  guns  thirty 
minutes. 

Scott  had  gone  back  to  the  foot  of  Chapultepec,  the 
point  from  which  the  two  aqueducts  begin  to  diverge,  some 
Wurs  earlier,  in  order  to  be  near  that  new  depot,  and  in 
*asy  communication  with  Quitman  and  Twiggs,  as  well  as 
vith  Worth. 

General  Scott  ordered  all  detachments  and  stragglers  to 
iheir  respective  corps,  then  in  advance;  sent  to  Quitman 
Additional  siege  guns,  ammunition,  entrenching  tools  ;  di 
rected  Twiggs'  remaining  brigade  (Riley's)  from  Piedad, 
iO  support  Worth,  and  Captain  Steptoe's  field  battery, 
tlso  at  Piedad,  to  rejoin  Quitman's  division. 

Quitman,  supported  by  Shields  and  Smith — Shields 
jadly  wounded  at  Chapultepec  and  refusing  to  retire — as 
-.veil  as  by  all  the  officers  and  men  of  the  column — con 
tinued  to  press  forward  under  flank  and  direct  fires ;  car 
ded  an  intermediate  battery  of  two  guns,  and  then  the 
:)elen  or  South- Western  gate,  before  two  o'clock  in  the 
ifternoon,  but.  riot  without  severe  loss,  increased  by  his 
steady  maintenance  of  that  position. 

Here,  of  the  heavy  battery — Capt.  Drum  and  Lieut. 
Benjamin  were  mortally  wounded,  and  Lieut  Porter,  its 
'hird  in  rank,  slightly.  Lieuts.  J.  B.  Moragne  and  Wm. 
Janty,  of  the  South  Carolina  volunteers,  also  of  high  merit, 
ell  on  the  same  occasion — besides  many  of  our  bravest 
ir.on-commissioned  officers  and  men. 

Quitman,  within  the  city — adding  several  new  defences 


BATTLES   OF    MKXICO.  gg 

to  the  position  he  had  won,  and  sheltering  his  corps  as 
well  as  practicable — now  awaited  the  return  of  daylight, 
under  the  guns  of  the  formidable  citadel  yet  to  be  sub 
dued. 

At  about  four  o'clock  next  morning  (Sept.  14),  a  depu 
tation  of  the  ayuntaniiento  (city  council)  waited  on  Gene 
ral  Scott  to  report  that  the  federal  government  and  the 
army  of  Mexico  had  fled  from  the  capital  some  three  hours 
before,  and  to  demand  terms  of  capitulation  in  favor  of  the 
church,  the  citizens,  and  the  municipal  authorities.  Scott 
promptly  replied  that  he  would  sign  no  capitulation ;  that 
the  city  had  been  virtually  in  our  possession  from  the 
time  of  the  lodgments  effected  by  Worth  and  Quitman 
the  day  before  ;  that  he  regretted  the  silent  escape  of  the 
Mexican  army  ;  that  he  should  levy  upon  the  ci'ty  a  mo 
derate  contribution,  for  special  purposes ;  and  that  the 
American  army  should  come  under  no  terms,  not  self- 
imposed — such  only  as  its  own  honor,  the  dignity  of  the 
United  States,  and  the  spirit  of  the  age  should,  in  his 
opinion,  imperiously  demand  and  impose. 

At  the  termination  of  the  interview  with  the  city  depu 
tation,  Worth  and  Quitman  were  ordered  to  advance  slowly 
and  cautiously  (to  guard  against  treachery)  towards  the 
heart  of  the  city,  and  to  occupy  its  stronger  and  more 
commanding  points.  Quitman  proceeded  to  the  grea: 
)>laza  or  square,  planted  guards,  and  hoisted  the  colors  ot 

he  United  States  on  the  national  palace,  containing  the 
'lalls   of  Congress  and  executive  apartments   of  federal 

rlexico. 
Soon  after  we  entered,  and  were  in  the  act  of  occupying 

*ie  city,  a  fire  was  opened  upon  us  from  the  flat  roofs  of 

le   houses,   from  windows   and   corners  of  streets,  by 


100  BATTLES   OF   MEXICO. 

some  2,000  convicts,  liberated  the  night  before  by  the  fly 
ing  government — joined  by,  perhaps,  as  many  more  soh 
diers,  who  had  disbanded  themselves  and  thrown  off  the?y 
uniforms.  This  unlawful  war  lasted  for  more  than  twenty- 
four  hours,  in  spite  of  the  exertions  of  the  municipal  author 
ities,  and  was  not  put  down  till  we  had  lost  many  men,  in 
cluding  several  officers,  killed  or  wounded,  and  had  punish 
ed  the  miscreants. 


BATTLE  OF  HUAMANTLA 

After  toe  brilliant  achievements  of  the  Amerkan  forces* 
in  and  around  the  city  of  Mexico,  there  was  little  to  do  ex 
cepting  to  clear  the  great  thoroughfares  of  the  multitudes  of 
guerillas  that  infested  them.  Some  sharp  engagements  oc 
curred  between  Mexico  and  Vera  Cruz  before  these  bodies 
of  robbers  could  be  dispersed.  One  of  these  battles  took 
place  at  the  town  of  Hnamantla. 

Gen.  Lane  having  arrived  at  Perote,  early  in  October  f 
was  there  joined  by  Capt.  Walker  and  his  command  ;  both 
advanced  together  on  the  Puebla  road  tilt  they  reached  the 
town  of  Dreyes,  at  which  place  Capt.  Walker,  by  order  of 
the  commanding  General,  took  op  his  line  of  march  to 
Huamantla,  by  way  of  the  town  of  San  Francisco  and 
Guapastla.  On  his  arrival  at  Hiramantla,  a  sanguinary  en 
gagement  took  place  in  the  streets,  between  the  force  of 
Capt.  Walker,  consisting  of  250  men,  and  that  of  the  Mexi 
cans  numbering  1,600* 

The  result  of  this  contest  was  the  total  expulsion  of.  the 
enemy  from  the  town,  and  its  occupation  by  our  valiant  )it- 


BATTLES   OF   MEXICO.  101 

tie  army,  which  lost  in  the  battle  only  six  men.  But  the  gal 
lant  Walker,  after  performing  prodigies  of  valor,  and  feats 
of  the  most  daring  character,  fell  in  single  combat,  pierced 
by  the  spear  of  an  enraged  father  who  was  goaded  to  actual 
frenzy  by  the  death  of  his  son,  whose  fall  by  the  arm  of 
Captain  Walker  he  had  just  witnessed.  The  father  rushed 
forward,  heedless  of  all  danger,  to  revenge  his  child's  death, 
and  attacking  the  Captain  with  almost  irresistible  violence, 
plunged  his  spear  into  his  body  and  slew  him  almost  in 
stantly.  In  this  engagement  the  Mexicans  lost  200  men 
and  three  pieces  of  artillery.  The  latter  were  thrown  intc 
a  gully  adjoining  the  town,  by  the  victors.  At  the  battle 
of  Huamantla  an  interesting  struggle  occurred  between  the 
Indiana  Volunteers  and  a  detachment  of  the  1st  Pennsylva 
nia  Regiment,  as  to  who  should  first  reach  town  and  plant 
the  AMERICAN  FLAG  on  the  walls.  Lieutenant  Beany  and 
Private  Stebbes,  of  Pennsylvania,  were  successful. 

After  the  achievement  of  their  object,  which  was  the 
dispersion  of  the  enemy,  for  which  they  were  despatched  to 
Huamantla,  the  Americans  evacuated  the  place  and  directed 
their  course  to  Pinal,  on  the  Puebla  road,  which  they  reach 
ed  without  any  opposition.  There  meeting  with  Gen.  Lane, 
the  combined  American  force  continued  its  march  upon 
Puebla. 

They  f  jund  this  city  in  a  state  of  insurrection,  and  accor 
dingly  entered  it  in  platoons — delivering  at  every  step  a 
constant  and  well-directed  fire  of  musketry,  which  ceased 
not  till  the  enemy  retired,  and  order  had  been  restored  in 
every  quarter. 

Gen.  Rea,  of  whom  we  heard  so  much,  lately,  fled  with 
400  guerillas  towards  Atlixco. 

General  Santa  Anna  was  at  Tehuacan  de  las  Grenadas, 
having  been  deserted  by  all  his  followers,  with  the  excep 
tion  of  200. 


BATTLE  OF  ATLIXCO. 
Gen.  Lane,  with  a  considerable  detachment,  after  a  foiced 


102  BATTLES   OF    MEXICO, 

march  3rorn  Perote  ten  leagues  distant,  reached  the  vicini 
ty  of  Atlixco  on  the  evening  of  October  19th ;  and  after 
fighting  his  way  through  the  forces  of  Gen,  Rea,  to  a  sum 
mit  overlooking  the  town,  he  there  posted  his  artillery,  and 
for  three  quarters  of  an  hour  threw  shot  and  shells  into  the 
"  most  thickly  populated  parts,"  the  bright  light  of  the  moon 
enabling  the  practised  gunners  to  fire  with  terrific  effect. 
The  crash  of  the  walls  and  roofs  of  the  houses,  when  struck 
by  our  shot  and  shells,  was  mingled  with  the  roar  of  artil 
lery.  Two  hundred  and  nineteen  Mexicans  were  killed, 
and  three  hundred  wounded,  while  our  own  loss  was  onl) 
one  killed  and  one  wounded.  It  was  thought  necessary  to 
strike  these  people  with  terror,  because  their  city  had  been 
the  refuge  and  headquarters  of  guerillas,  whence  many  an 
exoedition  had  issued  against  our  troops. 


EXPEDITION  TO  TEHUACAN, 

NARROW  ESCAPE  OF  SANTA  ANNA. 

The  detachment,  consisting  of,  350  men  and  officers,  un- 
derthe  c  ommand  of  Gen.  Lane,  left  Mexico  on  the  18th  of 
January.  Maj.  Polk,  Col.  Hays  and  Capt.  Crittenden,  ac 
companied  it.  Passing  Chalco  and  Rio  Frio,  the  band, 
took  a  circuitous  route  to  Puebla,  where  it  arrived  on  the 
21st. 

Leaving  Puebla  at  dark  the  same  day,  the  company  took 
the  road  to  Vera  Cruz  as  far  as  Amazoque,  where  General 
Lane  took  a  road  entirely  unknown  to  any  one  but  himself 
and  the  guide.  It  was  little  better  than  a  mule  path  over  rocky 
hills,  and  after  a  forty  mile  march,  the  troops  arrived  next 
morning  at  the  hacienda  of  Santa  Clara.  They  were  then 
informed  that  their  object  was  to  take  Santa  Anna,  who 
was  then  at  Tehuacan,  distant  forty  miles,  with  150  men. 
In  order  that  the  Mexican  chieftain  might  not  obtain  infor 
mation  of  the  presence  of  our  troops  in  this  section  of  the 
country,  the  General  ordered  every  Mexican  in  the  hacienda* 


BATTLES   OF   MEXICO.  103 

and  every  one  found  on  the  road  during;  the  day,  to  be  ar 
rested  and  kept  close  until  they  left  in  the  evening. 

After  leaving  the  hacienda  at  dark,  they  came  upon  a 
party  of  mounted  Mexicans,  with  a  carriage  whose  occu 
pant  bore  a  passport  from  General  Smith  to  travel  to  Oriza 
ba.  He  was  permitted  to  pass,  with  his  attendants. 

At  dawn  our  army  were  within  half  a  mile  of  Tehuacan. 
The  report  of  a  solitary  gun  of  the  enemy,  gave  hope  that 
the  bird  was  about  to  be  caged.  Our  dragoons  and  riflemen 
dashed  to  the  right  and  left,  closing  every  outlet ;  while  the 
rangers,  with  cocked  revolvers,  galoped  toward  the  Plaza  to 
secure  their  prey:  but  their  amazement  and  mortification 
may  be  imagined,  when  they  learned  that,  two  hours  be 
fore,  the  object  of  their  search  had  fled  to  Oajaca,  with 
seventy-five  men.  With  chagrin,  they  also  learned,  that 
the  Mexican,  whose  coach  was  stopped  the  evening  before, 
had  despatched  a  messenger  across  the  mountain,  to  in 
form  Santa  Anna,  that  the  American  troops  were  on  the 
road,  with  the  probable  intention  of  making  him  prisoner. 
Had  it  not  been  for  this  treachery,  the  surprise  would  have 
been  complete. 


OCCUPATION  OF  ORIZABA. 

Leaving  Tehuacan,  on  the  23d,  the  troops,  after  a  rough 
march  of  several  miles,  came  down,  Feb.  26,  1848,  into  the 
valley  of  Orizaba.  On  arriving  at  the  gates  of  the  city,  the 
authorities  delivered  up  the  keys  ;  and  on  entering,  they  dis 
covered  a  white  flag,  at  the  window  of  every  house,  and 
found  the  entire  population  assembled  to  witness  their  en 
try ,  with  apparent  satisfaction. 

The  inhabitants  of  the  neighboring  city  of  Cordova,  sent 
a  deputation  requesting  its  occupation  by  the  American 
Army. 

Nothing  of  importance  occurred  afterwards,  until  Feb.  2d, 
1848,  when  the  Treaty  of  Peace  was  signed  by  the  Amer 
ican  and  Mexican  government 


BATTLES    OF    MEXICO, 


NAMES  OF  THE  KILLED,  WOUNDED,  AND  MISSING, 

On  the  part  of  the  American  Army,  in  the  storming  of  Monterey,  on  the  214, 
and  subsequent  engagements  on  the  22d  and  23d  of  September,  1846. 


GEN.  TWIGGS*  DIVISION 

KILLED. 


Lt  Col  Wm  H  Watso»            |S«rgt  Wm  Brow* 

Thomas  W  Gibson. 

Capt  L  N  Morris 

Win  Mickle 

Thomas  Perkins 

Capt  G  P  Field 

J  Harper 

Law,  smi  Stuart 

Bvt  Major  P  N  Barboor 

C  K  Brown 

Joseph  Wolf 

let  Lt  and  4<lj  C  Ho»kins 

J  Stubert 

George  Beck 

Irit  Lieut  J  C  Terrett  . 

Edaar  Lav-alette 

Richard  Buuchan 

}»t  Lt  ami  Ad  i  D  S  Irwin 

Edward  Rielly                           H-'K  Browr 

2d  Lt  R'ttaslett 

Corpl  Benjamin  Bradt 

J  Carroll 

Bvt  1st  Lieut  J  S  Woods 

T  homan  Salsbury 

Marcus  French 

Bvt  2d  Lieut  R  bil  worth 

Heury  Conline 

John  Savage 

1st  Sergt  George  Waitmar. 

Edward  Carey 

Micah  Hatch 

John  Eagle 

Allen  J  Vanceal         ' 

Willi;ira  Raymond- 

Lovel  Gregory 

Michael  McGouth 

Corpl  Francis  Sheridan 

Henry  Snower 

John  Weeks 

1st  Sergt  John  Trutoot* 

Sergt  T  J  Kabb 
W  Patrick 

James  S  Doble 
Peter  Andrews 

Serjtt  G  A  Herring. 
Alexander  Ramsey 

J  Newman 

Peter  Judge 

Joseph  Worry 

C  Torskay 

James  C  Pennington 

Patrick  O'Brien 

JYonng 

Martin  Enwui 

WOUNDED 

Maj  W  W  Lear                       |D  Preslie 
Capt  H  Bainbridgf                  J  D  Ritters 

William  Holbora 
William  Petty 

Bvt  Maj  J  J  Abercrombie 

W  H  MeDonne 

William  Johnsoa 

Bvt  Maj  J  F  H  Mansfield 

Ischa  B  Tucker 

John  Hill 

Capt  W  G  W.lliams 

M  Tyler 

E  Barnum 

Capt  J  H  Lemott 

Joseph  Morria 

Robert  Halden 

1st  Lieut  R  H  Graham 

W  Mullen 

William  A  Jones 

Sergt  Philip  Swart  out 

WRooke 

James  Myers 

John  Edwards 
William  P  Holsebea 

J  Treel 
D  Boyle 

Aaron  Wriggle 
Andrew  Smith 

John  Lee 

T  Clair 

William  C  Joue» 

Michael  McCarthy                   Wra  H  Bowden 

John  IVlupr.ire 

Theodore  Frkkeu                    J  Mnnsfield 

John  McDuffy 

Bendt  Nelson 

0  Adams 

1st  Sergt  John  Banks 

Bartholomew  Stoke* 

Edward  Astin 

"        Patrick  MyJe» 

Corpl  George  Wolf 

James  Calhonn 

"        E  Btssie 

S  D  Coal 

J  Kerns 

"        T  H  Haller 

Thomas  Benson 
William  Gilmore 

M  Regan 
1.  Sours 

"•        John  Tigaxv 
«        E  Carver 

John  McCarthy 

David  Pottsdanw 

Corpl  C«nton  Connor 

M  R  Jelly 

G  E  Radwell 

Robert  Aikens 

Corpl  W  R  Goed 

Au  tin  Clark 

Thomas  O'Bryen 
Sergt  Georse  W  Anderson 

"     Augustus  Lapp}* 
C  Smith,  musician 

P  E  Holcomb 

"     Robert  Sanders 

William  McCarty 

Thomas  Wajan.  musician 
Fer»t  G  Brownley 

"•    Thomas  Mannigan 
"     James  Ryan 

Patrick  Neele 
John  Saunders 

Kmit  Hadduck 

Corpl  Thomas  Hyam 

William  Norlin 

D  Maloner 

"      James  Wyley 

Robert  E  W.KjIej 

J  Hogan 

«      Daniel  McDonnell 

Jnnes  Crawley 

P  White 

"      William  A  1  bison 

H  Duchart      ' 

C  lehle 

"      Matthew  MoCormick 

Francis  Faulknwr 

N  Farley 

William  'J'aylor 

A  Ryan 

C  Leslie                                  IE  Heuiersou 

John  VYxUou 

82 


BATTLES    OF    MEXICO. 


/HOOD  ftaridt 
Charles  Katclifle 
James  Delany 
H  Schrieder 
John  Gallagher 
Uvi  Smith 
Peter  M  Cabe 
Ut  Sergt  \V  I 


£  Gromley 


(Robert  O:*ples 
James  Piles 
UUbert  Hart 
William  Lee 
Jacob  Hem  in  ing 
George  Aunuld 
Charles  Peck 
[Andrew  J  Norris 


George  AlK«n 
Jamea  Henry 
Harry  Kiting 
William  Kelly 
H  Gifford 
Melrin  J  Stone 
E  W  Stevenson 
William  P  Alexander 


GeoO>fima 


GEN.  BUTLER'S  DIVISION.—  OHIO  REGIMENT. 


KILLED. 


1st  Lieut  Matthew  Hett 

Thomas  McMnrray 

1st  Sergt  W  G  Davis 

Corpl  W  H  Harris 

1)  F  Smith 

Richard  Weish 

O  B  Coxe 

James  McCockey 

Elijah  KeeBC 

George  Phale 

WOUNDED. 

Major  Gen  W  O  Butler 

Thomas  VanJe  Venter 

Col  A  M  Mitchell 

John  Flannigan 

Lt  and  Adj  A  W  Armstrong 

Jeremiah  Ryan 

1st  Lieut  Lewis  Morter 

Michael  Giliigan 

<'        N  H  Niles 

Tobias  Want 

2d  Lieut  H  McCarty 

Charles  Segar 

Capt  James  George 

Griffin  Lowerd 

Samuel  Myers 

Alfred  Dunaghue 

Josiah  A  Kellam 

Joseph  Lombeck 

Edward  Wade 

Silas  Burrill 

1st  Sergt  Win  Maloney 

Sergt  William  Miller 

John  Farreir 

Corpl  G  W  Fitzhugh 

Joun  darken 

llobert  Doney 

William  Work 

William  Weber 
John  Havolett 
T  D  Egan 
Step! ten  Freeman 
Oscar  £ehnee 


Adam  F  Shane 

John  Fletcher 

A  B  McKee 

Corpl  George  Myer 

E  J  Spoole 

Henry  Weber 

Henry  Myer 

Sergt  George  Webster 

George  Longfellow 
Corpl  John  F  Longtay 
John  Pearson 
R  H  Alcott 
Henry  Humphries 


TENNESSEE  REGIMENT. 


Capt  W  B  Allen 
2d  Lieut  S  M  Putnan 
John  b  Porter 
William  H  Robinson 
Sergt  John  A  Hill 
B  F  Coftee 
E  W  Thomas 
Hooker  H  Dolton 
Isaac  GUI  man  Elliot 


Maj  R  B  Alexander 
1st  Lt  J  L  sb  udder 

"    G  H  Nixon 
2d  Lt  J  C  Allen 
Corpl  F  F  Winston 
JL  Bryant 


KILLED. 

Peter  H  Martin 
Edward  Pryor 
Penjarnin  Soaper 
•  Henry  Collins 
'James  H  Allison 
:.l;im«8  H  Johnston 
,J;tmes  R  Turner 
|K  U  Willis 
I  Joseph  B  Burkitt 

WOUNDED 

|Al«x"nder  Digam 
I»C  Fleming 
(Mac-key  Honey 
jsaniuel  Itavis 
Jaiue*  Thompson 
I  David  Collins 


James  M  L  GamptwU 
A  J  Eaton 
A  J  Gibson 
Finlay  Glover 
A  J  Pnitt 
Willinm  Rhodes 
John  W  Sanders 
G  W  Wilson 


A  S  Ihiral 
'J'  B  Powell 
Wiliiam  B  Davis 
Joseph  Law 
.James  York 
iWilliam  Young 


BATTLES    OF    MEXICO. 


83 


Richard  Gifford 

Charles  Arnold                        S  N  M»e«T 

A.  V  Stanfield 

J  J  Blackwell 

E  G  Zaoharr 

Asa  Lamb 

Joseph  Crutchfield 

Corpl.  W  M  Alfred 

Corpl.  J  J  Argo 

J  Freeman 

"        John  H  K»j 

James  Todd 

J  D  Gilmer 

A  S  Alexander 

Thomas  Vickcng 

P  O  Hale 

M  C  Abinathy 

W  D  Cabler                              !  Daniel  C  King 

Jesse  Brashars 

1st  Sergt.  James  M  Vance       |C  B  Maeuire 

J  M  Bailey 

Sergt.  George  W  Gilbert 

S  S  Reaves 

Campbell  G  Boyd 

Charles  M  Talley 

A  W  Reaves 

B  L  Commons  ' 

Michael  Grant  ze 

Augustin  Stevens 

J  W  Curtis 

RC  Locke 

Thomas  N  s^mith 

H  H  Dadson 

J  F  Raphile 

C  B  Ward 

John  Gavin 

Thomas  Kelly 

1st  Sergt.  Charles  Daris 

Aaron  Parks 

Albert  Tomlinson 

t.'orpl.  Robert  W  Green 

F  Richardson 

Corpl.  Julius  C  Elliott 

Eli  Brown 

A  O  Ricbardaoa 

R  A  Cole 
James  H  Jenkins 
A  G  Stewart 

W  F  Bowen 
Peter  Engles 
Robert  Fkmnigan 

Thomas  C  Ramsay 
John  Vining 
M  D  Watson 

Sergt.  Gulinger  Holt 
Corpl.  James  Patterson 

William  Lowery 

Thomas  Thompson 

MISSING. 


Felix  Wordzincki 


R  R  Moreheai 


MISSISSIPPI  REGIMENT. 

KILLED. 


L  M  Troeur 

Joseph  H  Tenelle 

Joseph  Downing 

Silas  Mitch  am 

Corpl.  William  H  Grisam 

Daniel  D  Dubois 

Samuel  Potts 

Joseph  Heaton 

John  M  Tyree 

WOUNDED. 

Lieut.  Col.  Alexander  R  Mc- 
Clung 
Capt.  R  N  Downing 
lat  Lieut.  Henry  T  Cook 
W  Lieut.  Rnfus  K  Arthur 
«        L  T  Howard 

0  W  Jones 
William  Orr 
DLove 
Sergt.  Joseph  H  Langford 
A  P  Barnham 
H  W  Pierce 

Benjamin  F  Robert* 
Avery  Noland 
Sergt  Francis  A  Wdf 
C  F  Cotton 
George  Williamt 
Nathaniel  Massie 

Jenry  H  Miller 

William  Shadt 

Sergt.  William  H  Bell 

J  H  J,w,-.ou 

W  H  Fleming 

E  BLewi* 

A  Lainhart 

Jacob  Frederick 

D  B  Lewis 

J  L  Ainlersoa 

John  Coleman 

Charles  Martin 

Q  H  Jones 
3orpl.  John  D  Markhara 
H  B  Thompson 

William  P  Spencer 
M  M  Smith 
James  Kilvey 

James  L  Thompson 
John  Stewart 
John  McNorris 

Sfergt.  E  W  Hullingsworth 

J  Williamson 

R  W  Chance 

Dr.  G  W  Rafnsay 

A  W  Taig 

P  W  Johnson 

Alphius  Pobb 
Georire  Wills 

Warren  White 
Robert  Bowen 

Robert  Grigg 
Platt  Snedicor 

Hr  H-ffmaa                             (Frederick  Mathewa 

KENTUCKY  PvEGIMENT. 

WOUNDED. 

Valentine  Deurche                  J  Joseph  Bartlett 

Thomas  AleMw 

Lewia  \onng                          \  Philip  Smith 

BATTLES    OF    MEXICO. 


GEN.  WORTH'S  DIVISION. 


r.-:pt.  H  McKav?1.: 
W  KUri 

Hamm 


Ut  Lieut.  N  L  Rossei: 
b.er-gi.  Maj.  Bruua 
.Vc.vlnnus 
\>rubb 

.S^hriveiginan 
Hell 
Infills 
Grelau 
MeGuirk 
Hendricks 

Capt.  dipt.  R  C  Gatlin 
2d  Lieut.  J  H  Potter 
Sergt.  R  S  Cross 
Cor  pi.  S  P  Oakley 
M  Fleming 
^  6ersbenberg«r 


KILLED. 

J  F  Wagner 


Miller 

WOUNDED 

James  Myers 
A  Kenebeck 
N  White 
Corpl.  ftlorron 
James  Harvey 
Louia  Kirk 
J  W  Miller 
W  Burton 
M  Morton 

BMM 

Michael  Noonan 
Joseph  Grey 
Stephen  Edward* 
JTheopohs  Bowis 
Jaraeit  Lynch 


IP  Fickicson 
8  G  Alleng 
Joh  n  Frauds 


Mark  Coilina 
Dennis  Kelly 
Amos  Col  ins 
John  Keinecke 
Isaac  Dyer 
Boyd 

Artiticer  llawaa 
Paul  Bunaey 
^d  Lieut  ( 


RRiley 
Lance  Taeey 
James  MuKni 


COL.  HAY'S  REGIMENT. 


Herman  S  Thomas 
Danie4  McUarty 


Armstrong 
Fielding  Alston 
John  P  Waters 
C  D  De  Witt 
Oliver  Jenkina 
J  F  Minter 


KILLED. 

,  J  W  D  Austin 
i  Capt  R  A  Gillespie 

WOUNDED. 

Thomas  Law- 
John  Rabb 

Lieut  William  E  Reese 
Jesse  Perkins 
N  P  Browning 
Sergt  Roundtree 


I  Corpl  JobuMFullerton 


Corpl  J  B  Walker 
William  Carley 
Gilbert  Brush 
Sergt  J  B  Barry 
F  F  Keys 


J  Buchanan,  H  P  Lyon,  and  C  W  Tufts  were  left  behind  ou  special  duty,  and  are  mppc^d  to  M 


COL.  WOOD'S  REGIMENT  Of  TEXAS  RANGERS. 
Operating  in  the  eastern  part  of  tke  ftty  »*  tlie  23d 


George  Short 


Ea'ier  Barton 
Charles  G  Davenport 


KILLED. 

I 
WOUNDED. 

i  Grisby 


Thomas  Gregory 


Cairra  Keem 


BATTLES    OF    MEXICO. 

RECAPITULATION. 

ffamts  of  the  commissioned  officers  killed  ana  wounded  during  the  operations  fit- 
fore  Monterey,  Mexico,  from  September  '21  to  September  *23,  184(5,  inclusive. 

K.iLLKD.—Sept.  21.— J  S  Wood*,  bvt,  1st  Lieut.  <Jd  Infantry  ;  L  N  Morris.  Capt,  3d  In 
fantry;  George  P  Field.  Capt,  3c  Infantry;  P  N  Karbour.  Cu.pt  and  bvt  Alajor.  3d  In 
fantry;  D  S  Irwin,  1st  Lieut  and  .ndj.  3d  Infantrv;  R  Hazlitt,  2. 1  Lietit,  3<l  Infantry:  C 
Hoskins,  1st  Lieut  and  Adj.  4th  Infantry;  H  McKave  t.  <'apr.  8th  Infantry;  W  II  Wat- 
gon,  Lieut  Col.  Bait  and  Wash  volunteers;  M  Hett,  1st  Lieut.  1st  Ohio  regiment,  W  B 
Allen.  Capt,  let  Tenn  regiment;  S  N  Putnam.  2d  Lieut  1st  Tenn  regime-lit. 

WOUND  F.D.— Sept.  21.— W  G  Williams,  Capfr.  Top  Engineers,  mortally;  J  H  F  Mans- 
ftjld.  bvt  Major.  Engineers,  severely;  J  L  Abercrombie.  bvt  Major.  1st  Infantry,  slightly 
J  H  Lamotte,  Capt,  1st  Infantry  severely;  J  C  Tcrrett,  1st  Lieut.  1st  Infantry,  mortally . 
B  Dilworth,  2d  Lieut,  1st  Infantry,  mortally ;  W  W  Lear,  Major.  3d  Infantry,  dangerous 
ly;  H  Bainbridge,  Capt,  3d  infantry,  slightly:  R  H  Graham,  1st  Lieut.  4th  lafantry, 
Auurerously;  N  B  Rossell,  let  Lieut.  5th  Infantry,  slightly. 

Sept.  22. — J  H  Potter,  2d  Lieut,  7th  Infantry,  severely;  George  VVainwright,  2d  Lieut, 
fth  Infantry,  severely. 

Sept.  23.— R  C  Gatlin.  Capt.  7th  Infantry,  severely. 

Sept  21.— W  O  Butler,  Major  Gen,  volunteer  service,  severely;  A  M  Mitchell,  Col,  1st 
Ohio  regiment,  severely;  A  W  Armstrong.  Adj,  1st  Ohio  regiment,  severely;  James 
Oeorge,  Capt.  1st  Ohio  regiment,  slightly;  Lewis  Matter,  1st  Lieut,  1st  Ohin  regiment. 
•  lightly;  A  McCarty,  2d  Lieut,  1st  Ohio  regiment,  slightly ;  N  H  Miles,  2d  Lieut,  1st 
(."hio  regiment,  slightly;  R  B  Alexander,  Major,  1st  Tenn  regiment,  severely;  J  L  Scud- 
dcr.  1st  Lieut,  1st  Ten  regiment,  severely;  G  H  Nixon,  1st  Lieut,  1*1  Tenn  regiment, 
•lightly;  J  C  Allen. 2d  Lieut,  1st  Tenn  regiment,  severely:  A  KMcCIunjr,  Lieut  Col.  Miss 
regiment,  severely;  R  N  Downing.  Capt,  Miss  Reaiuient.  slightly;  H  F  Cook,  1st  Licit, 
Miss  regiment,  slightly;  R  H  Arthur,  2d  Lieut,  Miss  regiment,  slightly. 

Sept.  22. —R  A  Gillespie,  Capt,  1st  Texas  regiment,  mortally;  W  E  Reese,  1st  Lieut. 
let  Texas  regiment. 

Seat.  23.— L  S  Howard.  2d  Lieut,  Miss  regiment,  severely. 
The  retnrns  of  the  killed,  wounded,  and  missing,  show  the  following  results- 
Commissioned  officers 43 

Non-commissioned  officers,  musicians,  and  privates 44? 

2 

Making  a  total  of 492 


MUNITIONS  CAPTURED  AT  MONTEREY. 

PARK  OP  ARTILLERY.— DIVISION  OK  THE  NORTH. 

.nroiee  of  Artillery,  Arras,  Ammunition,  and  other  Munitions  of  War,  given  in  virtu*  of 
M  articles  of  capitulation,  signed  September  24, 1846. 

Piece*  of  Artillery  with  Equipments  and  Sett  of 

2  4-pounders,  culverine.  mounted. 

5  4-pounders 

4  7-inch  howitzers. 

1  12-pounder,  dismounted. 

1  6-pounder,  mounted. 

1  8-pounder,  mounted. 

1  4-pounder,  dismounted,  conical. 

1  3-pounder.  dismounted, 

1  iron  howitzer,  unserviceable 

1  bronze  howitzer,  unserviceable 

7  rampart  guns,  (.bronzed.) 

Jlrmtfor  Infantry  and  tfevofry. 

149  English  musket*. 
102  carbines 
122  bayonet*. 


86  BATTLES  OF  MRXtCO. 

305  gun  barrel*,  !oo?e ) 
100  carbine  barrels,  (loos*.) 
43  lances, 

Munition*  for  Infantry  and  JHrttikr%, 

882  18'pound  balls,  (in  pile.) 
32tf  12-pound  balls,       do. 

18  boxes  blank  12  pound  cartridges — 12  in  each. 

19  boxes  8-p"imd  canister  shot,  do. 
49  rounds  S-pour.d  canister  shot.  (loose.) 

3  boxes  7-pound  bUhk  cartriges. 

17  boxes  6-pound  ba.'l  cartridges— fixed ;   15  and  18  in  each  IK>*. 
69  boxes  4-pound  ball. cartridges — fixed;   18  and  2-1  in  each  bo* 

2  box*-*  4-pound  blunk  cartridges— 100  in  both  together 
123  rounds  3-pound  ball  cartridges. 

11  boxes  7-inch  howitzer  blank  cartridges. 

1  box  oi-incli         do  do 

15  fooxns"6-polind  rauister  cartridges— 10  and  12  each 

14  boxes  4-pound  do  12  and  16  each 

408-pound  ba'ls. 

17  boxes  13-pound  canister  cartridges 

7!)  rounds      do  do 

12  round*  8-p<>und  do 

23  r-unds      do  do  (loose., 

In  boxes  y"-in.  li  howitzer  canister  cartr  dres. 

'0  rounds  7-inCh  do  (loose.) 

fe'»3  pf^uhii  cartridges. 

27  boxes  loaded  Ki'enades,  7-inch  howitzer — 3  in  eai*h  box. 

'20  boxes  loftdc  d  grenades,  5%-ii  cli  hoVVitaer — i  iu  each. 
8."><)  loose  gfeiisides,  (part  loaded.) 
218  boxes  iniisket-ba  1  cartridges— 1200  in  each. 

J3boxj»s  do  do        (double  ball)  1-21K)  iheact. 

S3  koxes  cannon  powdtr,  (gnod)  12,450 ibs.  net. 

3a  boxes  do  (damaged) — 5,250  ibs.  net —  dot  examined,  probably  gss>* 

8  boxes  musket  powder,  (damaged) — I'M)  Ibs.  net. 

2  boxes  ri.le  powder,  (fine)— 3UJ  Ibs  net. 
$R;<  p<;unds  slo\v  match. 

70  quintals  le:><l,  in  balls.    [The  reader  can  calculate  this.] 
101  qUintais  lead,  in  bars. 
10  dofcen  signal  rockets. 
iHere  follows  a  long  list  of  tools,  &<5.J 


PARK  OP  ARTILLERY.— Post  or  tnic  CITADKL. 

ffratenwit  of  Ordnance  and  Ordnance  Stores  which  are  at  this  Post  en  ths  94li 
of  Stytember,  1846 

60.000  mneket  cartridges,  With  balL 
594  12-pound  blank  cartridges. 
334  8-pound  do 

723  8-pound  cartridges,  with  ball. 
394  6-pound  do 

201  7-inch  howitzer  blank  cartridges 

71  6-pound  cartridges,  with  grape. 
171  12-pound  canister  shot. 
390  8-pound  do 

50  6-pound  do 

102  7-iuch  howitzer  canister  ehot. 
1127-inch       do       loaded  shells. 
218  12-pound  halls,  (loose.) 
710  12-pound  priming  tubes,  (paper.> 
1,2008-pound  ito  1)0 

1606-pound  do  <io 

SOO  4-pound  do  do 

15  port-fires.    6  arobns  slow-match,  (150  Ibs.) 
48-ponnders.    2  ^ -pounders.    2  7-iJioh  howitaefs 


BATTLES   OF    MEXICO. 

LIST  OF  KILLED  AND   WOUNDED. 

FIRST  DIVISIOX.-MAJ.  HEX.  WORTH. 
of  tin  K'llfd,  Wbnndcd,  and  Missing,  i*  the  action  of  Afolmn  del 


87 


KILLED. 


jluph  Donahue 

Sergt  fetaiiislaua  Minot 

"'ergt  Eiiw  Bertram 

i'acobu* 

^orpl  Saml  Carr 

Sergt  Nicholas  Ford 

Ullenbrook 
Brown 

Timothy  Howby 
Thos  Wiedman 

Corpl  James  Croyan 
"     John  Hughe* 

iLane 

Frederick  H.ibber 

"     Wm  Sandys 

Tansen 

Hy  Mamark 

"     John  Clark 

Lansing 

F"raucis  McKay 

*er«t  Ueuben  Brown 

John  Gracie 

Thos  S  Pole 

l'atri<-k  MeGraah.  niua 

fcamuel  Grove 

John  P  Ronner 

Thos  Lan<on 

•rimothy  Sullivan 

Charles  Steward 

Geo  McGraff 

,\  L  Grenier 

Samuel  Calhoua 

Gabriel  Wilson 

John  Connor 

Robt  Crawford 

Patri<;k  Green 

AV'ni  Hanson 

Griffith  Owens 

Alex  Prentice 

ifacob  Frank 

David  Sharp 

Peter  Callerv 

|>avidc  'ampbell 

Thomas  Gooding 

Bernard  McFarlin 

J'aoob  Dya* 

Peter  Pentz 

Ja«nb  Neish 

at  Lieut  Wm  Armstrong 
I  Jergt  A  B  Howe 

Owen  Marry 
John  B  Honer 

('harles  Schwarvkoryt 
Wm  Irvin 

\Vm  J  Barnhard 

John  Koarstsupfads 

John  A  Jackson 

John  0  Elloes 

Peter  G  Moore 

Geo  M  Liglitfell 

Herman  Levy 

Wm  McCloskey 

Barthol  Mahon 

flvt  Capt  G  W  Aynss 
if  F  Farry 

Sergt  James  McGlynn 
Bernard  Althor 

Henry  Fa<sor 
Lewis  Henme 

John  Walsh 

Martin  Munneman 

Thomns  Fl  a 

.Simon  Margarura 

Michael  Sheehan 

Saml  Clark 

Benj  M  Harris 

Matthew  Murphy 

Robt  Simson 

Sergt  B  Henry 

Victor  Durand 

Sidney  W  Gunroyer 

Corpl  John  Cameron 

John  H  Bond 

(Jorpl  Henry  W  Erwin 

Stillman  Coburn 

Nicholas  Ramsey 

Lt  t  'ol  Wm  M  Graham 

Patrick  Ronnan 

Wm  Aj;ol 

1st  Lt  R  H  L  Johnson 

John  McLoskey 
Frederick  Workman 

Wm  Fahee 
John  H  Plant 

Sergt  Geo  Johnson 
Corpl  Chas  Fenner 

2d  Lieut  W  S  Harwell 

Christian  Schuman 

'\>rpl  John  McMahoa 

Hrt  Lieut  Col  Martin  Scott 

Wm  Looey 

John  Segler 

rapt  M  E  Merrill 

Michael  Murphy 

lohn  Buchanan 

2d  Lieut  E  B  Strong               IJohn  Brodrick 

John  Manning 

Sergt  John  Gottenger               jPeter  Koite 

James  S  inpson 

Sergt  Augustus  Quitman        Jsliam  Canalize 

Daniel  Kippy 

WOUNDED 

'apt.  J  L  Mason,  Eng'rs. 

Zink 

Flitshe 

2d  Lieut.  J  B  Foster 

Sweeney 

Hamilton 

John  Dougherty 

Ku**ell 

Paul 

Capt.  C  Kerr 

Kerr 

Cottrell 

'2d  Lieut.  Smith 

Walters 

Carter 

Tree 

Thomas  Murphy 

Harris 

'•        Walker 

Porthouse 

Serut.  Jacob  Price 

Sergt.  MoOiiire 

Zalikiwick 

Richards 

Corpl.  Slade 

White 

Boone 

Sergt.  Young 

Fielding 

J  M  Quick 

Corpl.  Bnxton 

FreemaL 

1st  Lieut.  H.  J  Hunt 

"        Buckley 

Ruble 

W  Haye. 

8erj?t'«.  Murphy 

Mund«fc 

2d  Lieut  H  F.  Clark 

-        Brooks 

We«tert«lof 

Corpl.  Hugh  McCoy 

(Mw 

Drawn 

Richard  Gilinore 

roiii« 

Wyatt 

James  Whitter 

Klawi 

GwkMr 

George  Wagner 

88 


BATTLES    OF    MEXICO, 


Abram  Hart                            ILevi  I,eitz 

Chester  R  Tully 

«d  Lieut,  and  Aid  -de-camp  H  John  Coyle 

1'homas  H  Wood 

Thorn                                    Uohn  Hill 

Jacob  Watson 

1st  Lieut.  M  L  Shaekleford 

Justm  O'Brien 

Benjamin  Slater 

"        C  B  Daniels 

William  Lawrence 

Thomas  Glovee>, 

Sergt.  George  Gordon 

Maron  Aievers 

Augustus  De  LoiiEa 

M        James  McCormick 

K  McCready 

Owen  Melvin 

Corpl.  Henry  Belleman,  dead 

Gilbert  GoiKlnen,  deid             (Japt.  A  Cadv 

"         Hugh  iYlc  Donald 

Lile  Barton                                        "        W*H  T  Walker 

Mns.  Thomas  Clark 

ilexander  Miller                       "2d  Lieut  R  F  Krnst 

William  Shoppe,  dead 

John  T  Dcliart                          ISergt.  P  F  Jackson 

Christie  Bower  dead 

Jules  (5asse,  dead                              -<        George  William* 

Jantes  Ko<;hford 

lohn  Housmen                                    "        John  MeJntyre 

Charles  Hoover 

Lawrence  Kenny                    ,-^       "        James  E  Dresser 

Hy  Deri  in 

Adam  Beecker                                    '•         John  dimming* 

Martin  Sharbnck 

TheoCranz                                         "        John  Webb,  dead 

William  Moore 

William  Wiernest                    'Corpl.  John  I  erguson 

Patrick  Kean 

John  S  Bench 

"        Sylvester  Jones 

John  Conway 

William  A  Place,  dead 

"        Chas.  Kafferty,  dead 

John  Garrey 

Abner  Dixoii 

William  Sla-ppard 

John  Hill 

John  Clark 

L  B  Hanley 

Frederick  Blunt 

William  Wheeler 

Abraham  Fitxpatric.k 

Thomas  Furian 

Henry  Wilkie 

P  R  Maloed 

Francis  Webb 

Moses  P}*piner 

J  A  Builyman 

William  Crook 

Thomas  McDermott 

Solomon  Viedenburg 

Samuel  S  Milkman 

h'.dward  A  unison 

Melon  Miller 

Arch'd.  McFayden.  deal 

John  Co^li 

Lyman  H  Royce 

Robert  Alexander 

Josiah  Ettimrer 

Joseph  SoLwager 

James  Montnom  :ry 

William  Cain 

Henry  Stevens 

Thomas  O'Brien 

Bernard  Ril«y 

Henry  Jordon,  dead 

Thomas  Starr 

James  Shepherd 

E  Hamar 

Robert  Michau 

Patrick  McAlror 

Anthony  Brooks 

John  Wiley 

William  O  Mocht 

Hobert  Hawkins 

J  D  Reynolds,  dead 

Thomas  Hogg                            jJames  Wilson 

William  Sharp 

Josiah  Cartwrigh',  dead           L  Kinney 

Edward  Ellsworth 

Edward  H  Brown 

John  Graves 

James  Bonahan 

John  Eisdar 

James  Kdmonds 

Jamos  Heany 

Patrick  McCus 

Charles  Evansoa 

John  McNeil 

Patrick  Scanlan 

William  Angel 

John  R  tMnith 

Peter  Yorrick 

WT  Bishop 

William  Cook 

Leonard  John.sun 

Seorge  Coffee 

Capt.  R  Andersou 

Charles  Butterlinj 

(,'haries  Hess 

Oswold  Drury 

James  Burns 

Mu-hael  McEwen 

William  Ehrenbaun 

Charl.'S  Evans 

.viic-hael  Picket 

James  Keenan 

John  Hunter 

William  Smith 

Christian  Smallbark 

John  Wrick 

Thomas  A  Wilson 

David  Coleman 

lohn  Helm 

vawrence  Fagan 

John  P  Smith 

Matthew  SwiUer 

William  Gibbard 

Henry  Stenoham 

William  H  Morris 

fames  Hannigan 

John  Clancey 

William  Shaffer 

.lames  B  Hill 

John  Montgomery 

Mich'.  el  Coll 

James  B  Kelly.  do*£ 

Martin  Rush 

1  M  Montgomery 

(Charles  Rrown 

William  Al  en 

Charles  Sander* 

William  Smith 

John  Gallagher 

F.dward  B  Connei 

Lawrence  Duniran 

Lewis  Meraiis 

Peter  Bragine 

John  Forgy 

Joseph  L  Moodv 

George  McElri* 

Samuel  Stanley 

Philip  Hady,  dead 

Joseph  W  Brush                        David  Wheeler 

Kiohard  Abercrombie 

loseph  Wolf                              John  Mnrphy 

Samuel  Collier 

Thomu*  Foster,  dead 

H»*hard  Harper 

Robert  Kuntx. 

John  Harvey  dead 

Joshua  H  Corwiri 

Michael  Bonet 

William  Chapman 

James  Devine 

Bdward  McK«wn 

William  Curtis                         Christopher  Yenger 

Pe'er  W  Svms 

John  Gorlan                             i»;apa  E  K  Smith,  since  de«4 

William  CGoddarJ 

lohn  McCamer-m                     2d  Lieut.  F  S  Dent 

Daniel  F  McKee 

Cornelius  O'Neill                    (Sergt.  Joser»h  Up<ligraff 

Meredith  Qnalle 

Sami.el  Tucker                        .         "        TLoiitus  JobucoQ 

BATTLES   OP  MEXICO* 


Cotfcl.  Samuel  Meeker            -Adj.  H  Prince 

John  King 

«        Gilbert  G  Francher 
"        Jacob  Nichols 

2d  Lieut.  A  B  Lincoln 
1st  Lieut.  S  Smith 

I)  Loundensborongh 
Michael  MoAulvy,  dead 

Edward  Green 

Sergt.  George  W  Anderson 

E  W  Dexter 

Darius  Ballard 

«        William  Quinn 

Loreny  Flood 

Thomas  Low 

Joseph  Holybec,  dead 

John  McGuire 

Patrick  Ueily 

John  B  Weedec 

Jan.es  Victory 

James  Alexander,  mrts. 

C  harles  Metz 

V»  illiam  P  Moore 

George  Barr 
William  Cord»s 

Corpl.  William  Castigan 
F.phiaim  Cain 

Jetfersoa  Wells 
Abraham  Riber 

Herman  Knickerbocker 

James  Carroll 

Henry  Bertoled 

Anthony  Rounder 

.Michael  McGuire 

George  Smith 

Thomas  Sullivan 

Tames  Steel,  dead 

Joseph  Roland,  dead 

Andrew  Casey 

John  P  Wirrick 

David  Brudy 

Alphonso  Schaffer,  dead 

Charles  Skolinski 

Dan'el  Emerson 

T'aniel  Rodders 

Kdward  Kirevin 

Daniel  Bonghanan 

»  harles  Linder 
James  H  Brooke 
t-teorge  Kraffenbaner 
Aligns  Beaver 

Philip  Felby,  dead 
Martin  Loughest 
Bvt.  Col.  J  S  Mclntosh,  dead 
Af.st.  Surgt.  William  Roberts 

Richard  Cherry 
Brian  Corry 
Thomas  Down 
William  C  Howe 

William  Bell 

2.1  Lieut  C  S  Hamilton 

Deobald  Snyder 

.''tfseph  McGarlin 
J"atrick  O'Rourke 

Sergt.  Alfred  Land  rage 
Elisha  Buel 

Alfred  Carlisle 
lohn  A  Reading 

*l*homas  L  Sleek 

Henry  Farmer 

Feremiah  Rvan 

«*eorge  W  K  Sherman 

James  O'Brien 

Ebeneser  Gill 

Edward  Kinneford 

Alex    McClellan 

Gregory  Kepler 

Hijah  JCain 

David  Thompson 

S  P  AretB 

1  evi  Mllea 

James    Eversteine. 

fohn  Meon 

,'nhn  Kanavagh 

dead 

Matthew  Kols 

*?'im.>thy  Collins 

Corp  .  William  Godfrey 

William  Jones,  dead 

K*ra  Higgins 

H  J  Haskell 

Major  C  A  Waite 

Michael  Leonard 

Francis  Smith 

Brevet-M»j.  A  Montgomery 

Thomas  Pardon 

c        John  Doyle 

Captavi  L  J^mith 

7  hennas  Joyce 

George  2imerick 

1st  Lieut.  J  Burbank,  dead 

Nicholas  Scminoff 

George  Molely 

«       J  Beardsley 

William  Wright 

Nioh  Reid 

"        C  Morris,  dead 

John  Fleming 

•'        John  Clarit 

"       J  D  Clark 

Id  Lieut.  G  P  Andrews 

William  Babb,  mus. 

2d  Lieut.  G  Wainwright 

Stergt.  Anton  Achenback,  dead 

Corpl.  Deuiah  Meir 

Lieut.  J  G  S  Snclling 

Corpl.  John  Matthews,  dead 

Morris  Savers,  dead 

Sergt.  John  Fink 

"        John  Hyncs 

William  Witherspoon 

"    Thomas  Moir 

.lames  Walsh 

William  Goodwin 

«    David  Pink 

Oeorge  WilcoX 

Hugh  Frazer 

''    Thomas  Sewell 

WilHum  F  Taylor 

Jeremiah  Delong 

"    John  Robinson 

I'hilip  Ronse 

S.  Tiffans 

u    James  H  Kearney 

Julius  Martial                          |J  Weight 

«    John  Smith 

John  Coovnn.  dead                  'George  Kirg;rmf»*i,  Jfl»<! 

"    Frederick  Backhans 

Thomas  luit                             Usaac  Baker,  dead 

"    George  Simmons 

(  harles  Beistrenger-                 (Isaac  Christman 

Corpl.  A  T  Osbourne 

Thomas  Brady                          John  Lyons 

«    ACEdson 

William  Bloom                          Adam  Eichstein 

"    Willi.'m  Fairchilda 

Simuel  Br^wn                           John  Irwing 

"    David  Lawyer 

John  Conner                             i  James  Lollen 

"    Joseph  Scanson 

Piter  Derit                                Corpl.  Michael  Eannw 

"    Caleb  Smith 

Robert.  MoGwe                           Francis  Kline,  dead 

David  Sprint-bam,  dead 

D;ilrick  Deer                            J8amuel  Morgan 

William  McDonald 

William  Piirker,  dejwt              Bennet  Keere. 

DeWitt  McDaniel 

Warclnian.  dead                       John  Finnerghty 

John  McCarthy 

J'i«eph  Finch                            iJacob  Kennard   , 

Bernard  M  alone 

John  Totnis                              I  Richard  Wilkinson 

James  Mooney 

N'jirshhll  Kimball.  dea-i 

James  Bradley 

John  Paul 

Philip  Dauber 

J  B  Johnson 

John  M  Rentor 

AVrilliam  W  Walker 

William  Spears 

Henry  Furaears,  dead 

Michai'l  I  sir 

Calvin  Wella 

Oscar  F  Sweet 

John  Snllir;i,n 

Henry  Gropp 

S  Poler.  dead 

A-iriist.  Surgeon  J  Seniors 

John  Martin 

P  McMillan 

90 


BATTLES   OF   MEXICO. 


/olto  H  MsGulre 

T  Silverhcrn 

'  Brown 

,)»hn  Bermingham  dead 
ft  T  Templeinan 

J  Malony 
W  Allison 

D  Wymp 
A  Wamsall 

John  Weith 

D  Deraughn 

J  Porter 

S  A  Weller 

J  Rowenski 

J  W  Sc-atoi 

W  Wilson,  dead                      |J  Spencer 

[I  Simpson 

l»hn  T  Blair                             IT  C  Parish 

J  Thompson 

William  SonrJey 

J  Doney 

J  Metcalf 

Jimes  Raby,  dead 

J  J  Nickerson 

A  Adamson 

Charles  Daniels 

M  Benton 

P  Davis 

Mark  Chappie 

G  W  Bungeant 

J  Howell 

Michael  Conrey 

John  Sloan 

J  Pugh 

William  C  Morris 

J  L  Hisse 

J  Bunger 

H  Horiuar 

T  Evans 

A  Fuulay 

William  Thomas 

H  Kidwell 

T  Firish 

James  A  Terril 

A  W  Millbriffht 

T  Pllffh 

Kenry  Bohan,  dead                   j  McCasliu 

H  White 

Major  Geerga  W  TaWta          ,f  Cromley 

W  Baldhurst 

£d  Lieut.  G  L  Killing             ID  Duvis 

Majur  John  H  Sayajw 

"        R  Swann 

J  V  Franliliu 

"apt.  Thomas  Glenn 

"        William  J  Mania 

S  Field 

L'eut.  Hays 

Patrick  Cassin 

T  Hiffginson 

Thomns  Shields 

IHrid  Doace 

A  Idler 

Samuel  B  Davis 

('tester  C  Kennedy 

G  Kriner 

Corpl.  L  Warren 

Peter  King 

H  Keenan 

"    Munroe  Filming 

Patrick  iMcCarty 

R  Lemon 

Thomas  Piem* 

Henry  L  JSnclleri           » 

W  S  VVendenhall 

lames  M  Cox 

Nat  Ross                                   j  Mas.sey 

Robert.  Brentcm 

Joseph  Arnold                           'P  Morrel) 
Patrick  Keany                           B  McCape 

Fielding  Young- 
Jackson  W  Loivrf 

Benjamin  Burritt 
James  Gamble 
Oliver  W  H  Kellers 

J  V  Parry 
J  Pick<:n 
J  Pierce 

A  Sawyer 
Kavlams  Lynch 
William  Farrell 

Patrick  Green,  dead 

B  J  Ross 

Lonis  H  Mall«rby 

Augustus  Bliss,  dead 

W  Jackson 

David  Hall 

31  Buckland 
William  Collan 
Joim  Chari 

O  Morton 
G  Spenser 
J  Kock 

James  Gillespie 
Hardy  Johnson 
James  R  Attstta 

Jjfen  K  Knock 
Theobald  Shinard 
Jacob  Missil,  dead 
Luther  Schouts 
8  W  Pumroyer,  dead 
William  Shad 
William  Looney 
Michael  Walsh,  dead 

C  Eckhart 
G  BackenschitB 
F  Kerse 
J  Rutter 
T  Grooves 
J  Sigmao 
J  F  Dentlenger 
JAYates 

Thomas  H  Hayter 
Henry  Dannigan 
Capt  William  H  Ii^riB 
'•    P  M  Guthrie 
Adj.  D  S  Lee 
Sergt.  John  P  Weldon 
"    Freeze 
"    Lenox  Lea 

John  Young 
Th  Brenuan 
Thomas  Burke 
John  CosgroTe 
Ph  Cook 
H  Euhank 
John  Gordon 
Nicholas  Hoyt 

G  W  Jones 
W  H  Ficzhue 
2d  Lieut.  Wash  Terrill 
Sergt.  W  B  Vertreea 
"    CD  Weymoutfc 
"    F  W  Jennings 
"    JCMalbon 
"   -WJ  Herbert 

"    J  G  Handy 
Corpl.  Charle*  Barturkej 
*'    Micliael  Freeney 
u    Robert  Raasoh 
Isaac  Mahon 
Uriah  Kitchen 
John  Hayes 
James  Rager 

J  L  Knott 
S  A  Evans 

"    R  Harding 
"    CR  Edwards 

McCluny  Radcliff 
Robert  D  Brown 

M  Conway 

"    S  Elliott 

Foster  R  Carson 

V  Collins                        , 

"    J  E  Gardiner 

James  Dilks 

Holaudorf 

Corpl.  W  S  McCorrell 

William  S  SashaU 

T  Clark 

«    E  D  Denson 

James  Hight  " 

R  Sylvester 
H  Wells 

"    BOgle 
"    J  H  Walker 

Schmidt 
William  R  CftU 

H  Kilgrore 

Sergt  R  H  Turner 

Jesse  Flowers 

W  A  Ward 

D  Grayheer 

William  Dolm«Q 

J  Bean 

A  R  Shaaklett 

Isaac  Pierce 

MG  Good 

JHaU 

James  Nethitt 

RATTLES    OF    MEXICO. 


91 


Herman  Bickerstim 
Fred  Babe 
Benjamin  Dickie 


I -Simon  Pickett 
John  Piomering 
Albert  McGrill 


Oscar  \Vood 
John  Wilson,  dead 
Christian  Papst 


MISSING 


Privates  Robert  MeKee,  Joseph  Scost,  since  discovered  to  hare  been  blown  np  at  Ca»» 
del  Mata  ;  Francis  Beed,  Artificer  Israel  Barton,  killed;  Private  John  Jacob  Divine  ;  Serg^. 
John  Coble;  Privates  John  Gillespie,  Thomas  Hardy,  William  Reynolds,  James  Smith. 
Conrad  Young,  Henry  Muller.  Jackson  Adams,  James  Leary,  H  A  Wood,  S  Vandergriff,  J 
L  Hass  David  Ayr  -.6,  Joseph  G  Smith. 

Names  of  the  kit  cd,  wouiided,  and  missing,  of  the  First  Division,  in  tne  actio*t 
of  the  l'3th  and  14th  September. 

KILLED. 


Richard  Gilmore 

Corpl.  James  Hagan 

2d  Lieut.  J  P  Smith 

Sergt.  John  Scar 

Conrad  Graf 

V  E  Reed 

Joseph  Cook.  mus. 

Isaac  I  Jons  on 

James  McLoy 

Charles  Carroll 

Alexander  McCoy 

Patrick  Hines 

John  Kennedy 

Karl  Siirmond 

William  Mooney 

William  O'Neil 

Michael  Kelley 

David  Trush 

Lieut.  A  J  Rogers 

William  Billington 

Andrew  Leet 

Sergt.  William  Donegan 
•'    George  Blast 

Joel  Barrom 

Henry  Jonea 

WOUNDED. 

A  A  Gen.  W  W  Markail 

Ser«rt.  David  Toobwiller 

William  O'Shanghnesiy 

ADC  George  W  Kendall 

"orpl.  Theodore  Gregg 

John  A  Schuber 

1st  Lieut.  J  J  Stevens 

Daniel  Bennett,  dead 

Wiliam  Montgomery 

Sergt.  D  Hastings 

Joseph  F  Cooper 

John  Dillon 

«    PMaguire 

Hamilton  Sparks 

Jiiines  Harny 

Davis 

John  Whitnell 

Thomas  Oata 

Artificer  Edmnnd  Ring 
Thomas  Murphy 

William  Grant 
Patrick  Toole 

George  Gill 
1st  Lieut.  L  A  Arrnistead 

Joseph  Bateman 

Lone-see 

Sergt.   Maj.  Kdw   Thompo* 

William  Smith 

William  Burton 

George  Ernst 

John  Wolfe 

James  Lawless 

Alexander  Maddox 

Francis  Desmond 

Stephen  Mann 

William  Dowley 

Sergt.  James  McCormick 

Adolphus  Schuyer 

Sergt.  Francis  Fox 

Cerpl.  Henry  Reigle 
Anthony  Baker,  mus. 
John  Sweeny 

Jacob  Shores 
J  M  Mallinder 
William  Wilson 

Bernard  Lynch 
Andrew  Piper 
2d  Lieut.  James  Longhurst 

Herman  Von  Steen 

Mark  Spaulding                      list   "  Joseph  Seldon 

Carl  Chapparcan 

V  B  West                                ISergt.  John  A  Noon 

George  Chiveton 
Frederick  Brugh 

George  Henry 
William  Lawrence 

"    JLFisk 
Corpl.  Robert  Shaw 

Jeremiah  Cavaugh 
W  Garlick 

Duwilda  Myers 
Thomas  Collis 

"    Thomas  Smith 
'William  Shaw 

David  Rikin 

William  Cross                         John  Hisuer 

Patrick  Born 

Joseph  Peck                             John  Flummery 

John  Young 

John  C  Christie 

M  Monaghyn 

Michael  Halloran 

Mortonier  Crofort 

James  C  Mclntyre 

John  Klinz 

William  Thompson                 Stephen  MConnell 

Nathan  Randall 
John  Zear 

Henry  Byrneg                         'John  McAulay 
James  Fisher                           iWilham  I'almoter 

Godfrey  Piermont 

James  Parker                          'John  Kibler 

Marcus  Bain                             |Grapincamp 

William  Fox 

John  Haggerty                        lAganus  Dowis 
Lieiit.  Col.  John  Garland         |CaDt  D  H  McPhail 

Alexander  Keinhart 
Nathaniel  Cleeg 

1st  Lieut,  S  Smith,  dead 

Sergt.  Henry  Farmei                Charles  >cClosky 

id  L5«ut.  Maurice  Maloney 
Sergt.  William  Blaisdell 

Corpl.  Darius  Ballard               [Hanson  Palmer 
'Joseph  MoGartm                       William  Verrel 

9:2 


BATTLES    OF    MEXICO. 


rhwles  Quick 
Valentine  Iinppft 
Juices  Farramier 


MISSING. 

Edward  Black  man 
Victor  Whipple 
James  Leise 


John  Rriolon 
Charles  Whitty 


SECOND  DIVISION -BRIG.  GEN.  TWIGGS. 

ist  of  the  killed,  wounded,  and  missing,  of  the  Sccon-d  D  vmon,  in 

a.1  Cho.pultcpec  and  the  Garita  de  Belcn,  on  the  l'3tk,  and  in  tjve  cily  of 

Mexico  ait,  the  I'tik  and  15th  of  September,  1847. 


i William  Fortition 
John  J  O'Donnell 
[James  Welsh 
John  Alexander 
Walter  Scott 
Henry  Boyle 
Michael  O'Loughlin 
(Florence  McCarty 


Daniel  Wills 

1st  Sergt.  Thomas  Williuu 

Corpl.  Henry  D  Sitner 

"    William  Ferry 

"    Daniel  B  Baker 
Art.  John  Weins 
Richard  J  Shephwrvl 
Thomas  S  Perkins 
Amos  Kingsley 
Bradly  Laud 
John  McFarne 
John  Thompson 
Robert  Kugan 
Henry  Wutts 
Harvey  Gainperl 
John  Miller 
Lewis  Russell 
Francis  Fletcher 
•Frederick  WissHil 
Sergt.  Stewart  Dougherty 

"    Dixon  Ashworth 

•    Orlando  B  Miles 
Corpl.  Nel  Chamberlain 

"    JoLn  Storm 

"     William  Arlami 
James  MeNulty 
Henry  Varner 
Moses  Gleason. 
ftanva  Upton 
Edgar  Watson 
Francis  J  Slnthan 
Francis  Ostrich 
Henry  Haldman 
John  O'Brien 
Harry  Aberlee 
Amos  Bardhart 
William  Ciiinpbell 


FIRST  BRIGADE. 

KILLED. 

Corpl  Dennis  Byree 
•;    C  C  Arms 

Myron  Bell 
Hiram  Dengh 

Thomas  D  Wheeler 

William  Hagan 

George  Town 

William  Finney 

William  Donovan 

James  Harrigan 

Elijah  O  Pointer 

Thomas  McGlone 

James  L  Reed 
Jesse  James 

Sergt.  John  Bald 
Corpl.  James  Huntley 

WOUNDED. 

1st  Lieut.  Earl  Van  Dorn 

lohn  Barber 

Maj.  W  W  Doring 

John  Richardson 

Capt.  J  S  Simonson 
"    J  B  Backenstos 

Joseph  Hoban 
W  F  Herrington 

"    S  S  Tucker 

J  C  Morrison 

2d  Lieut.  T  S  K  Russell 

George  B  Moshers 

Bvt.  2d  Lieut.  J  A  Palmer 

J  W  Robinson 

Capt.  George  Nauman 

Joseph  Watson 

1st  Lieut,  and  Adj.  JM  Bran- 

Levi  Grunsby 

nan 

Benj  Tabler 

'•    Lieut  J  H  Haskin 

John  Dillon 

Sergt.  Maj.  Alnnzo  Stanton 

John  G  Myers 

;'    Samuel  Harp 

Lindsev  Hooker 

«    Z  M  P  Hand 

Daniel"  Williams 

1st  Sergt.  James  Manly 

Lewis  Copsey 

Sergt.  William  P  Sanders 
Hiram  Dwyer 

Thomas  B  Brasheno 
John  Fickle 

D  M  Frame 

Lawrence  J  Filsdme 

Corpl.  William  M  Winter 

Bartholomew  W  Wilson 

L  L  Worcester 

Joshua  P  Santmyne 

George  Taylor 

Clinton  Frazer 

J  M  L  Addison 

William  W  Wilson 

Eufus  Peck 

William  Spear 

Jeremiah  O'Connell 

M  Hamilton 

J  Freeman 

M  Batsner 

J  Millard 

Francis  Whitebread 

Lance  Corpl.  Thomas  Davis 

JHak 

"        William  1'  Cook 

J  Murray 

James  Farrell 

S  Young 

Edward  Allen 

J  C  Roberts 

Christopher  Lidden 

J  C  Christman 

Frederick  Pilgrim 

Joseph  Patterson 

J  M  Cannon 

CAB  Phelps 

A.  Stickler 

Robert  Williams 

George  W  Raymond 

Josh  Garrison 

8  tans  Moroski 
Joseph  Nevhouf>e 

Josh  Debeuque 
Allen  Overly 

BATTLES    OF   MEXICO. 


93 


lofcn  C 
Cornelius  Crutrley 
John  tinoiilton 

William  Myers 
Philip  Ryan 
TJrnot??"  "'illlraa 
William  Kenny 
Charles  F  E  Hyef 
Edward  Zimmerman 


Edward  Quit* 
Issue  Tracy 


1st.  Lieut.  Leri  Cautfc 
Serjrt.  William  A  Morrison 
Corpl.  James  Tierney 
Michael  E4\vood,  mus. 


Capt.  Si!»s  Casey 

1st  Lieut.  N  Lyon 

Corpl.  Robert  Bailey 
"  William  Bond 
«  William  Evans 

F  MoNally 

John  Keely 

George  Martin 

John  Wallace 

Corpl.  Ellis 

Stevenson 

William  Feather 

Titus  S  Gillow 

William  Hughes 

Krvin  Levia 

Patrick  Gallagher 

John  Daly 

Hiram  Shippey 

Richard  G  Martin 


iPatrick  Morron 
i  Henry  MiCampblll 
.Thomas  P.-LCiiaru. 
il.<toaard  Elias 
t  David  Jermon 
I  KM  Gable 
I  Charles  MeKinne 
(Jacob  Varnes 
IJos  Butterfield 

MISSING 

I  John  Witty 
(  John  Venator 

SECOND  BRIGADE. 
KILLED 

I  John  M  Nash 
I  Patrick  Sheridan 
I  Lewis  Rinhart 
I  William  Steinson 

WOUNDED. 

William  T  Ray 
Thomas  Graham 
Lewis  Hastings 
John  Karanagh 
Patrick  Kelly 
John  Semp'.e 
Daniel  Lanahan 
John  Lynch 
James  Sullivan 
John  Steevier 
Samuel  Noble  ' 
Nicholas  C  James 
Patrick  McKenna 
Jacob  Miller 
Abraham  Sammons 
Capt.  Thomas  Handey 
Charles  Clark 
Benjamin  Little 
Sergt.  Asabel  H  Wells 
MISSING. 


lOeorge  Frank 
iThoir          •J/arlant 


|Thotr 


Charle/. ./  Truman 
Frederick  A  ColliM 
Elliott  Ellmer 
Daniel  Smith 
Dauiel  Wise 


John  Montgomery 
Theodore  Woodbury 


Joseph  N  Garnett 
Keyran  Temple 
Richard  Shore 
NeillDonnelly 


Thomas  Rose,  mu* 
John  Brown 
Dauiel  Carr 
Peter  Kerr 
Alexander  Beebe 
Augustus  Walker 
Corpl.  William  Andewoii 
Francis  H  Fox 
John  M<;Langh!in 
Thomas  Navy 
James  Lilly 
Joseph  Gilhully 
Patrick  Murphy 
Charles  Howard 
John  Barnes 
George  F  Flegg 
Juhn  Hughes 
Patrick  Murphy 


Stephen  L  Rouse 

John  Pierce 


I  I  Michael  Gilmi 

I  David  Mayer 
TOTAL  -Killed  36;  Wounded  194;  Missing  10. 


THIRD  DIVISION— MAJ.  GEN  PILLOW. 

Return  of  the  killed,  wounded,  and  missing,  of  the  Third  Diviswn, 
ed  by  Major  General  Pillow,  during  the  attack  on  Chapultepef.  and  the  dty 
of  Mexico  on  the  \3th  and  Ulh  September,  1547. 

WOUNDED 

Major  Gen.  Gideon  J  Pillow  |  |  Lieut.  G  T  Dea-iregard 

Fmsc  ARTILLERY,  Co.  I— FIKLD  BATTKRY. 
WOUNDED. 


Capt.  J  B  Magrauder 
Paul  Dalyiu 


|  Edmond  Lanergan 
}  J  Donelly 


I  Anthony  Ki 
William  M« 


94 


BATTLES    OF   MEXICO, 


NINTH  RKOIMENT  INFANTRY. 

KILLED. 

C/5l.  T  B  Ransom 

Corpl.  George  E  Barnes 

John  DorwrJ 

S«rgt,  George  C  Speneei 

Foster 

George  Ball 

Corpl.  John  Balleneaa 

Edson 

WOUNDED, 

George  W  King.  niua. 
K  T  Pike 

Robert  M  Brown                     John  AVetot-on 
N  W  King                                 John  S  Lock 

Charles  B  Horseweli 

Benjamin  Osgood                      Isaac  Ware 

(lark  H  Green 

N  G  Shett                                 A  Noyce 

William  March 

William  H  White                  |W  A  Brown 

James  Mohan 

H  B  Stone                                J  Moody 

Patrick  Connnrs 

Charles  Twist                         J  Bridge* 

William  Welsh 

,:•'*  '  " 

FOURTEENTH  REGIMENT  INFANTRY 

KILLED. 

Hen  jn  in  in  rfall 

11  R  Manning 

Kobert  Arnold 

James  M  i\K>neyn«aa) 

WOUNDED. 

Col.  William  Tronsdale 

Wm  D  Pharris 

Calvin  C  ForoU 

r»4>t.  J  M  Scant  land 

S  Sutzenhizer 

A  D  Anjon 

'•     Robert  G  Beale 

W  F  Beatty 

A  Chadwick 

M  Lieut.  Richard  Steel 

.lames  Ketmed> 

John  Wilkinson 

Robert  W  Bedford 

Stewart  White 

F  Faoball 

Sergt.  Wm  M  Bledsoe 

John  Philand 

J  Donelly 

Corpl.  H  Montgomery 

Bolivar  Vincent 

MISSING. 

John  Crawford 

James  McDermott 

W  R  Wa«wn 

Wm  Doaring 

John  Blair 

FIFTEENTH  RKOIMENT  INFANTRY 

KILLED. 

Jopeph  Grant 

John  Herrick 

James  D  Ketuil 

Johallaviland 

Henry  W  Stoy 

WOUNDED 

Capt.  E  A  King                       [Jacob  Ebchara                        'Lewis  Anderson 

Sergt.  Jonathan  Jones               Seth  Millington 
Corjil.  Wm  Kech                       Jonas  Au^temyer 
'•    JosMcGill                       GeoMomeny 

Christian  Hammell 
Duncumb  McKinsay 
Frank  L  Hartinaw 

<:    Harvey  Lyon                   '','aleb  B  Sly 
Enos  JMcClaren                        [Marvin  Ward 

Henry  Hesg 

MISSINO—  Harkin. 

VOLTKJKUR    REGIMENT 

KILLED. 

51  Kriwk 

S  Richardson 

E  Miller 

N  Salisbury 

WOUNDED 

Lieut.  Col.  Jos  E  Johnson 

.1  C  Marbou                             Corel  R  Cooper 

("apt.  Moses  J  Barnard 

T  S  Gardner 

"    J  McGowu 

l*t  Lient  James  Til  ton 

H  C  Lonff 

A  Fair,  mas 

l(<r  Lieut  Gangeneeker. 

Corpl.  H  E  Reed 

M  Uancrot' 

*d  Lieut.  J  L  Meiio 

"    M  Finder 

E  Braxi* 

u    \V  J  Martin 

B    M  Conway 

S  M.jCall 

fiergt   \V  Peat 

"    J  Mulduoa 

W  H  Fitthugh 

BATTLES   OF    MEXICO. 


95 


W  Wood 
If.  Cox 
.   Dwyer 
T  £  vans 
W  K  Fletcher 
J  Amey 
J  Smith 
C  Redding 


Jamea  Hall 
J  Medcalf 


(M  Rain 
G  Sjiencer 
C  Miller 
.1  Young 
F  Henry 
I)  Doughney 
J  Deits 


MISSING. 


iT  Wallace 
O  Kussell 
K  T  Gooden 
J  H  Malbon 
J  M  Floyd 
T  H  Gill 

|  F  Trumble 

i 


J  A  Maples 
G  Weygand 


TOTAL— Kihed  21 ;  wounded  111;  missing  10— 142.    Horses— killed9;  wounded  3— 13. 


FOURTH  DIVISION— MAJ.  GEN.  QUITMAN. 

List  t*  tfie  killed,  wounded,  and  missing,  in  the  several  actwns  near  ike  city 
on  ike  \\Lk  and  \Uh  September,  1847. 


KILLED. 

,John  Herbert 

Mat  hew  Banks 

Thomas  Kelly 
t  Sergt  Win  Blocker 
"     li  F  Mattison 

T  McHenry 

Corpl  L  Goode 

W  »  Devlin 

J  Morwood 

C  Meyer 

D  H  Tresevant 

H  Calahan 

T  Cooper 

T  Lyles 

WOUNDED. 


'M  Martin 

iJohn  Patrick 

'J  C  Tunison 

:T  Golden 

Andrew  Jelard 

{John  Wright 

John  Seaman 

jThed  /  niiiierinan 

'John  Homer 

Corpl  James  William* 

Jos  A  Dennis 

John  Shaw 

John  L  Young 


Jno  Snyder 

R  Kodgera 

Corpl.  A  Patterson 

J  Cosgtcjve 

"     T  A  Downey 

E  Moyer 

"    F  C  McDennot 

Sergt.  A  Cummin* 

"    B  F  Davis 

McDonald,  mu*. 

"    GWNeff 

Millourn.  mus. 

Se»«Jfc.  David  Mecklin 

Ma.i.A  H  Gladden 

'•    11  McClelland                   Act.  Adj  M  Clark* 

•'    George  Decker 

-ert't.  Maj.  O  T  Uibea 

"    Hugh  Fiskill 
"    Chancy  F  Sergeant 

Thomax  Galhey 
Sergt.  U  i'ayen 

Lieut.  A  S  Towrison 

'•    J  Dunnogant 

Corpl.  William  H  Sogour 

"    W  TriiJeti 

Thomas  Humphreys 

M  M  Adauii 

John  Vauson 

]  Thorn  *a 

James  T  Sample 

M  VVani 

John  Bechter 

Y  Muller 

Joiin  Copt-hart 

Y  Evans 

VVi  ilium  Rice 

J  Only 

Samuel  E  Major 
Cajit.  K  S  Williams 

Corpl.  J  HwKi 
Y  Cahill 

•'    Chris  Sieb 

N  K  Evan* 

J  Palmer 

J  Ferguson 

M  Flaxter 

Y  Uut.iua 

P  Ward 

C  Ingrain 

Corpl.  Jacob  Mcjar 

H  Lahertj 

BATTLES    OF    MEXICO, 


rlennett 

J  Horn                                     I2d  Lieut  Bell 

Sergt  L  B  Weaver 

James  Bustard                          fSergt  J  N  EasUrty 

Y  Anderson 

John  Soininon                             Corpl  Bold 

C  H  K«nny 

Emnr  M  Davis                             R  Hitchfelt 

A  Ihslsny 

William  Snyder                        J  Martin 

C'l  Lieut.  F  Sellock 

William  Smyth                        'P  S  Graham 

R  Watson 

M  Hastson 

C  Rankin 

Corpl.  W  L  Rodger* 

H  Thomas 

C  Anderson 

J  H  S-ixton 

Edward  Blain 

W  L  Bea.lon 

H  J  Ca-ighman 

Lieut  John  Keefe 

•2d  Lieut  J  W  Steen 

H   IV'bck 

Corpl.  A  J  Jones 

JS  Scott 

J  I)  Stanford 

Wm  Smyth 

1)  Nolan 

Manning  Brown 

.los  Lutz 

James  VW.sh 

J  Fitzsimmons 

Thomas  Davis 

2(1  Lieut  J  B  Darks 

B  Hutchinson 

Chris  Malone 

Sergt  J  W  Shett 

J  Kelly 

James  Stewart 

S  I'.amak 

}st  Lieut  A  B  O'Bannon 

Wm  Bishop 

E  Duke 

•2d  Lieut  C  J  Kirkland 

Win  Crabb 

W  S  Tidwell 

J  G  Atkinson 

Capt  James  Caldwell 

U  J  Rarker 

J  K  Parker 

Josh  Hamilton 

W  Claxton 

C:ir.t.  J  H  Williams 

John  Keever 

James  M  Craig 

<^erf;t.  J  Oklbeeth 

David  bhiiie 

C  J  Gladney 

Corpl.  J  J  Feagle 

Charles  Epler 

J  W  Brittendenhaia 

T  Chanman 

Benjamin  Shine 

J  E  Odom 

J  Graham 

Lewis  Bonnetts 

A  Tunison 

J  C  Higgins 

Saxfere  Heabblv 

J  B  Glass 

I)  Brown 

1st  Lt  and  Adj  D  D  Baker 

R  S  Morrison 

H  Snber 

"        "    A(iM  J  S  Devlin 

J  T  Olneya 

A  Little 

M  Lt  Ch;is  A  Henderson 

J  Burke 

11  B  Lyles 
A  Feagle 

Ser;;t  Maj  Jas  Montgomery 
Corny  Sergt  James  Orr 

G  Barry 
M  Cohlin 

Lieut.  Col.   Charts*   Baxter, 

Sergt  John  Roach 

H  Hardenbrook 

dead 

"    John  t  Jurran 

W  Tompkins 

McGennis 

"     W  J  Wilson 

Capt  D  Hungerfore^ 

Rowalt 

"    Graddisen  L  Tansill 

1st  Lieut  Chas  H  JaiMM 

Corpl.  McGowen 
Fife 

Seebeck 
Martin  Fogg 

Sergt  D  Montgomery 
Corpl  Chas  Thompao» 

Duncan                                       Hugh  Roney 

Owen  Elwood 

Waggoner 
2d  Lieut.  Mayne 

John  McGuignan 
Philip  Phoenix 

Thos  Healey 
John  McKinne 

"    Reede 

Saml  Williamson 

John  Snyder 

John  Eber 

Biggs 

V  Van  Slyke 

John  Hunt 

Connor 

James  Hart 

Jas  Kellv 
Corpl.  John  Hall 
John  Keeber 

Francis  Quinn 
Thos  B  Smith 
Klhanan  Stevens 

f^ergt  John  Duffy 
Pat,  Roney 
O  Hanzel 

Cbailes  Newman 

Edward  Cooper 

Michael  Butler,  dead 

Capt.  J  Barclay 

J  Lions 

Capt  M  Faii  child 

Capt.  S  W  Peel 

Corpl  John  Whaler 

Lieut  J  W  Green 

J  White 

P  Anderfon 

1st  Sergt  Barker 

John  Russell 

John  Cassedy                             Thos  L  Decker 

Corpl.  James  Saxon 
C  Reyuiansmyder 

Jas  Smith                                 (Jas  Franklin 
Jas  Kenneda                              Geo  Pemberton 

B  Van  Deif 

1)  Standeiwick                           Uohn  L  Gardner 

Henry  Risfc 

L  Strobill                                   ^  Hendrick 

Sam  Morjran 

(.'apt  (5  H  Pearson                   Vw  i>aJ" 

Wm  Mendenhall 

Wm  ConneU 

u  Kobenson 

Arch  Graham 

Y  Donovap 

Geo  Thistleton 

1  N  Hoods 

S  Calverl 

Sergt  John  M  IJ»D* 

Frad  Myers 

J  Davis 

Corpl  Clipole  ErtroK 

Capt.  James  Millar 
VClM* 

R  Jenkin 
lOLMoCowem 

Alex  Cook 
J  Woodward 

TREATY 


OF  PEACE,  FRIENDSHIP,  LIMITS,  AND  SETTLEMENT, 

BETWEEN 

THE  UNITED  STATES  OF  AMERICA   AND  THE  MEXICAN  REPUBLIC. 

Concluded  at  Guadaiupe  Hiialgo,  February  2,  and  Ratified,  with  the  Amendments,  by  the 
American  Senate,   March  10,  1848. 

THE  TREATY. 

In  the  name  of  Almighty  God : 

The  United  States  of  America  and  the  United  Mexican  States,  animated 
by  a  sincere  desire  to  put  an  end  to  the  calamities  of  the  war  which  unhap 
pily  exists  between  the  two  Republics,  and  to  establish  on  a  solid  basis  re 
lations  of  peace  and  friendship,  which  shall  confer  reciprocal  benefits  on  the 
citizens  of  both,  and  assure  the  concord,  harmony  and  mutual  confidence 
wherein  the  two  people  should  live  as  good  neighbors,  have,  for  that  pur 
pose,  appointed  their  respective  Plenipotentiaries  ;  that  is  to  say,  the  Pre 
sident  of  the  United  States  has  appointed  N.  P.  TRIST,  a  citizen  of  the  Uni 
ted  States,  and  the  President  of  the  Mexican  Republic  has  appointed  Don 
Louis  GONZAGA  CUEVJLS,  Don  BERNARDO  CONTO,  and  Don  MIGUEL  ATRISTAIN, 
citizens  of  the  said  Republic,  who,  after  a  reciprocal  communication  of  their 
respective  powers,  have,  under  the  protection  of  Almighty  God,  the  Author 
of  Peace,  arranged,  agreed  upon  and  signed  the  following  Treaty  of  Peace, 
Friendship,  Limits  and  Settlement,  between  the  United  States  of  America 
and  the  Mexican  Republic. 

ARTICLE   I. 

There  shal  1  be  a  firm  and  universal  peace  between  the  United  States  of  America  and  the 
Mexican  Republic,  and  between  their  respective  countries  ,territories,  cities,  towns  and  people, 
without  exception  of  places  or  persons. 

ARTICLE   II. 

Immediately  on  the  signature  of  this  Treaty,  a  Convention  shall  be  entered  into  between 
a  Commissioner  or  Commissioners  appointed  by  the  General-in-Chief  of  the  forces  of  the 
United  States,  ami  such  as  may  be  appointed  by  the  Mexican  Government,  to  the  end  that  a 
provisional  suspension  of  hostilities  shall  take  place  5  and  that  in  the  places  occupied  by  the 
said  forces,  constitutional  order  may  be  re-established,  as  regards  the  political,  administrative 
and  judicial  branches,  so  far  as  this  shall  be  permitted  by  the  circumstances  of  military  oc 
cupation. 

ARTICLE    III, 

Immediately  upon  the  ratification  of  the  present  Treaty,  by  the  Government  of  the  United 
States,  orders  shall  be  transmitted  to  the  commanders  of  their  land  and  naval  forces,  requiring 
the  latter  (provided  this  Treaty  shall  then  have  been  ratified  by  the  Government  of  the  Mexi 
can  Republic),  immediately  to  desist  from  blockading  the  Mexican  ports  ;  and  requiring  the 
former  (under  the  same  condition)  to  commence,  at  the  earliest  moment  practicable,  wi  th- 
drawing  all  troops  of  the  United  States  then  in  the  interior  of  the  Mexican  Republic,  to 
points  that  shall  be  selected  by  common  agreement,  at  a  distance  *rom  the  seaports  not  ex 


THE     TREATY.  121 

eecding  thirty  leagues  ;  and  such  evacuation  of  the  interior  of  the  Republic  shall  be  com 
pleted  with  the  least  possible  delay  ;  the  Mexican  Government  hereby  binding  itself  to  afford 
every  facility  in  its  power  for  rendering  the  same  convenient  to  the  troops,  on  their  march, 
and  in  their  new  positions,  and  for  promoting  a  good  understanding  between  them  and  the 
inhabitants,  n  like  manner,  orders  shall  be  dispatched  to  the  persons  in  charge  of  the  Cus 
tom  Houses  at  all  ports  occupied  by  the  forces  of  the  United  States,  requiring  them  (under  the 
name  condition)  immediately  to  deliver  possession  of  the  same  to  the  persons  authorized  by 
the  Mexican  Government  to  receive  it,  together  with  all  bonds  and  evidences  of  debt  for  dutis 
on  importations  and  on  exportations,  not  yet  fallen  due.  Moreover,  a  faithful  and  exact  ac 
count  shall  be  made  out,  showing  the  entire  amount  of  all  duties  on  imports  and  on  exportc, 
collec'  ed  at  such  Custom  Houses,  or  Hsewh«re  in  Mexico,  by  authority  of  the  United  States, 
from  and  after  the  day  of  the  ratification  of  this  Treaty  by  the  Government  of  the  Mexican 
Republic  ;  and  also  an  account  of  the  cost  of  collection  ;  and  such  entire  amount,  deducting 
onlv  the  cost  of  collection,  shall  be  delivered  to  the  Mexican  Government,  ax;  the  City  of 
Mexico,  within  three  months  after  the  exchange  of  ratifications. 

The  evacuation  of  the  Capital  of  the  Mexican  Kepublic  by  the  troops  of  the  United  States, 
in  virtue  of  the  above  stipulation,  shall  be  completed  in  one  month  after  the  orders  there 
stipulated  for  shall  have  been  received  by  tlie  €omman<5er  of  the  said  troops,  or  sooner  if 
possible, 

ARTICLE    IV. 

Immediately  after  the  exchange  of  ratifications  of  the  present  Treaty,  nil  castles,  forts,  terr 
itories,  places  and  possession,  which  have  been  taken  and  occupied  by  the  forces  of  the 
United  States  during  the  present  war,  within  the  limits  of  the  Mexican  Republic,  «s  about  to 
be  established  by  the  following-  article,  shall  be  definitely  restored  to  the  said  republic,  togeth 
er  with  all  the  artillery,  arms,  apparatus  of  war,  munitions  and  other  public  property,  which 
were  in  the  said  castles  and  forts  when  captured,  and  which  shall  remain  there  at  the  time 
when  this  Treaty  shall  be  duly  ratified  by  the  Government  of  the  Mexican  Kepublic.  To 
this  end,  immediately  upon  the  signature  of  this  Treaty,  orders  shall  be  despatched  to  the 
American  officer  commanding  such  castles  and  ports,  securing  against  the  removal  or  de 
struction  of  any  sach  artillery,  arms,  apparatus-of  war,  munitions,  or  other  public  property. 
The  City  of  Mexico,  within  the  inner  line  of  intrenchments  surrounding  the  said  city,  is 
comprehended  in  the  above  stipulations,  as  regards  the  restoration,  of  artillery,  apparatus  of 
war.  &c. 

The  final  evacuation  of  the  territory  of  the  Mexican  Republic  by  the  forces  of  the  United 
States  shall  be  completed  within  three  months  from  the  said  exchange  of  ratifications,  or 
sooner  if  possible  ;  the  Mexican  Republic  hereby  engages,  as  in  the  foregoing  Article,  to  use 
all  means  in  its  power  for  facilitating  such  evacuation,  and  rendering  it  convenient  to  the 
troops,  and  for  promoting  a  good  understanding  between  them  and  the  inhabitaritsj 

If,  however,  the  ratification  of  this  Treaty  by  both  parties  should  not  take  place  n  time  to 
allow  the  embarkation  of  the  troops  of  the  United  States  to  be  completed  before  the  com 
mencement  of  the  sickly  season,  at  the  Mexican  ports  on  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  in  such  case  a 
friendly  arrangement  shall  be  entered  into  between  the  General-in-Chief  of  the  said  troops 
and  the  Mexican  Government,  whereby  healthy  and  otherwise  suitable  places,  at  a  distance 
from  the  ports  not  exceeding  thirty  leagues,  shall  be  designated  for  the  residence  of  such  troops 
as  may  not  yet  have  embarked,  until  the  return  of  the  healthy  season.  And  the  space  of 
time  here  referred  to  its  comprehending  the  sickly  season,  shall  be  understood  to  extend  from 
the  first  day  of  May  to  the  first  day  of  November. 

All  prisoners  of  war  taken  on  either  side,  on  land  or  on  sea,  shall  be  restored  as  soon  as 
practicable  after  the  exchange  of  the  ratifications  of  the  Treaty.  It  is  also  agreed  that  if  any 
Mexicans  should  now  be  held  as  captives  by  any  savage  tribe  within  the  limits  of  the  United 
States,  as  about  to  be  established  by  the  following  article,  the  Government  of  the  said  United 
States  will  exact  the  release  of  such  captives,  and  cause  them  to  be  restored  to  their  country. 

ARTICLE   V. 

The  boundary  line  between  the  two  Republics  shall  commence  in  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  three 
leagues  from  la'nd,  opposite  the  mouth  of  the  Rio  Grande,  otherwise  called  Rio  Bravo  del 
Norte,  or  opposite  the  mouth  of  its  deepest  branch,  if  it  should  have  more  than  one  branch 
emptying  directly  into  the  sea  ;  thence  up  the  middle  of  that  river,  following  the  deepest 
channel,  where  it  has  more  than  one,  to  the  point  where  it  strikes  the  southern  boundary 
of  New  Mexico  ;  thence  westwardly,  aloiig  the  whole  southern  boundary  of  New  Mexico 
Which  runs  north  of  the  town  called  Paso,)  to  its  western  termination  ;  thence  northward 
along  the  western  line  of  New  Mexico,  until  it  intersects  the  first  branch  of  the  Siver  Gil:i; 
or  if  it  should  not  intersect  any  brunch  of  that  river,  then  to  the  point  on  the  said  line  near- 


122  THE     TREATY. 

est  to  such  l:anch,  and  thence  in  a  direct  line  to  the  same)  thence  down  the  middle  of  the 
said  branch  and  of  the  said  river,  until  it  empties  into  the  Rio  Colorado  ;  thence  across  the 
Rio  Colorado,  following  the  division  line  between  Upper  and  Lower  California,  to  the  Pacific 
Ocean. 

The  southern  and  western  limits  of  New  Mexico,  mentioned  in  this  article,  are  those  laid 
down  in  the  map  entitled  "  Map  of  the  United  Mexican  States,  as  organized  and  defined  by 
various  acts  of  the  Congress  of  said  Republic  and  constructed  according  to  the  best  authori 
ties.  Revised  edition.  Published  at  New  York  in  1847,  by  J.  Disturnell." 

Of  which  map  a  copy  is  added  to  this  Treaty,  bearing  the  signatures  and  seals  of  the  un 
dersigned  Plenipotentiaries.  And  in  order  to  preclude  all  difficulty  in  tracing  upon  the 
ground  the  limit  separating  Upper  from  Lower  California,  it  is  agreed  that  the  said  limits 
shall  consist  of  a  straight  line,  drawn  from  the  middle  of  the  Rio  Gila,  where  it  unites  with 
the  Colorado,  to  a  point  on  the  coast  of  the  Pacific  Ocean — distant  one  marine  league  due 
south  of  the  southernmost  point  of  the  port  of  San  Diego  according  to  the  plan  of  said 
port,  made  in  the  year  1782,  by  Don  Juan  Pantojer,  second  sailing  master  of  the  Spanish  fleet, 
and  published  at  Madrid  in  the  year  1802,  in  the  Atlas  to  the  voyage  of  the  schooner  Sutil 
and  Mexicana,  of  which  plan  a  copy  is  hereunto  added,  signed  and  sealed  by  the  respective 
Plenipote  n  tiaries. 

In  order  to  designate  the  boundary  line  with  due  precision,  upon  authoritative  maps,  and  to 
establish  on  the  ground  landmarks  which  shall  show  the  limits  of  both  Republics,  as  described  in 
the  present  article,  the  Governments  shall  each  appoint  a  Commissioner  and  Surveyor,  who, 
before  the  expiration  of  one  year  from  the  date  of  the  exchange  of  ratification  of  this 
Treaty,  shall  meet  at  the  port  of  San  Diego,  and  proceed  to  run  and  mark  the  said  bounda 
ry  in  its  whole  course  to  the  mouth  of  the  Rio  Rravo  del  Norte.  They  shall  keep  journals 
and  make  out  plans  of  their  operations  ;  and  the  result  agreed  upon  by  them  shall  be  deemed 
a  part  of  this  Treaty,  and  shall  have  the  same  force  as  if  it  were  inserted  therein.  The  two 
Governments  will  amicably  agree  regarding  what  may  be  necessary  to  these  persons,  and 
also  as  to  their  respective  escorts,  should  such  be  necessary. 

The  boundary  line  established  by  this  article  shall  be  religiously  respected  by  each  of  the 
two  Republics,  and  no  change  shall  be  made  therein,  except  by  the  express  and  free  consent 
of  both  Nations,  lawfully  given  by  the  General  Gevernmcnt  of  each,  in  conformity  with  its 
own  Constitution. 

ARTICLE  VI. 

The  vessels  and  citizens  of  the  United  States  shall,  in  all  time,  have  a  free  aad  uninter 
rupted  passage  by  the  Gulf  of  California,  and  by  the  river  Colorado  ;  and  not  by  land 
without  the  express  consent  of  the  Mexican  Government. 

If,  by  the  examinations  that  may  be  made,  it  should  be  ascertained  to  be  practicable  and 
advantageous  to  construct  a  Road,  Canal,  or  RaH way,  which  should,  in  whole  or  in  part,  run 
upon  the  river  Gila,  or  upon  its  right  or  its  left  bank,  within  the  space  of  one  marine  league 
from  either  margin  of  the  river,  the  Governments  of  both  Republics  will  form  an  agreement 
regarding  ks  construction,  in  order  that  it  may  serve  equally  for  the  ase  and  advantage  of 
both  countries. 

ARTICLE    VII. 

The  river  Gila,  and  the  part  of  the  Rio  del  Norte  lying  below  the  southern  boundary  of 
New  Mexico,  being  agreeably  to  the  Fifth  Article,  divided  in  the  middle  between  the  two 
republics,  the  navigation  of  the  Gila  and  of  the  Bravo,  below  said  boundary  shall  be  free  and 
common  to  the  vessels  and  citizens  of  both  countries;  and  neither  shall,  without  the  consent 
of  the  other  construct  any  work  that  may  impede  or  interrupt  in  whole  or  in  part,  the  exer 
cise  of  this  right — not  even  for  the  purpose  of  favoring  new  methods  of  navigation.  Nor 
shall  any  tax  or  contribution,  under  any  denomination  or  title  be  levied  upon  vessels  or 
persons  navigating  the  same,  or  upon  merchandise,  or  effects  transported  thereon,  except  in 
the  case  of  landing  upon  one  of  their  shores.  Jf,  for  the  purpose  of  making  said  rivers 
navigable,  or  for  maintaining  them  in  such  a  state,  it  should  be  necessary  or  advantageous  to 
establish  any  tax  or  contribution,  this  shall  not  be  done  without  the  consent  of  both  Govern 
ments. 

The  stipulatious  contained  in  the  present  article  shall  not  impair  the  territorial  rights  of 
sither  republic,  within  its  established  limits. 

ARTICLE    VIII. 

Mexicans  now  established  in  territories  previously  belonging  to  Mexico,  and  \\hich  remain 
for  the  future,  within  the  limits  of  the  United  States,  as  defined  by  the  present  Treaty,  shaU 
be  free  to  continue  where  they  now  reside,  or  to  remove,  at  any  time,  to  the  Mexican  Repub 


THE     TREATY.  123 

He,  retaining  the  property  which  they  possess  in  the  said  territories,  or  disposing  thereof, 
and  removing  the  proceeds  wherever  they  please,  without  their  being  subjected,  on  this 
account  to  any  contribution,  or  tax  whatever. 

Those  who  shall  prefer  to  remain  in  said  territories,  may  either  retain  the  title  and  rights 
of  Mexican  citizens,  or  acquire  those  of  citizens  of  the  United  States.  But  they  shall  be 
under  the  obligation  to  make  their  selection  within  one  year  from  the  date  of  the  exchange 
of  ratifications  of  this  Treaty  ;  and  those  who  shall  remain  in  the  said  territories,  after  the 
expiration  of  that  year,  without  having  declared  their  intention  to  retain  the  character  of 
Mexicans  shall  be  considered  to  have  elected  to  becom'e  citizens  of  the  United  States. 

In  the  said  territories,  property  of  any  kind,  now  belonging  to  Mexicans  not  established 
there  shall  be  inviolably  respected.  The  present  owners,  the  heirs  of  these,  and  all  Mexicans  who 
may  hereafter  acquire  said  property  by  contract,  shall  enjoy,  wiih  respect  to  it,  guaranties 
equally  ample  as  if  the  same  belonged  to  citizens  of  the  United  States. 

[In  place  of  the  following  Article,  the  Senate  has  inserted  the  third  Article  of  the  Treaty 
between  France  and  the  United  States,  for  the  cession  of  Louisiana,  which  provides  that  thV 
inhabitants  of  the  ceded  territory  shall  be  admitted  to  all  the  rights  and  privileges  of  citi- 
Eenship,  in  accordance  with  the  principles  of  the  Constitution,  as  soon  as  Congress  shaL' 
determine;  and  that  in  the  meantime,  they  shall  be  protected  in  the  enjoyment  of  their  liber  • 
ty,  property  and  religious  belief.] 

ARTICLE   IX. 

The  Mexicans  who  in  the  territories  aforesaid,  shall  not  preserve  the  character  of  citizens' 
of  the  Mexican  Republic,  conformably  with  what  is  stipulated  in  the  preceding  article,  shal 
be  incorporated  into  the  Union  of  the  United  States,  and  admitted  as  soon  as  possible,  ac 
cording  to  the  principles  of  the  Federal  Constitution,  to  the  enjoyment  of  all  the  rights  of 
citizens  of  the  United  States.  In  the  meantime  they  shall  be  maintained  and  protected  in 
the  enjoyment  of  their  liberty,  their  property,  and  the  civil  rights  now  vested  in  them, 
according  to  the  Mexican  laws.  With  respect  to  political  rights,  their  condition  shall  be  on 
an  equality  with  that  of  the  inhabitants  of  the  other  territories  of  the  United  States,  and  at 
least  equally  good  as  that  of  the  inhabitants  of  Louisiana  and  the  Fioridas,  when  these  prov 
inces,  by  transfer  from  the  French  Republic,  and  the  Crown  of  Spain,  become  territories  ol 
the  United  States. 

The  most  ample  guaranty  shall  be  enjoyed  by  all  ecclesiastics  and  religious  corporations, 
or  communities,  as  well  in  the  discharge  of  the  offices  of  their  ministry,  as  in  the  enjoyment 
of  their  property  of  every  kind  whether  individual  or  corporate.  This  guaranty  shall  em 
brace  all  temples,  houses  and  edifices  dedicated  to  the  Roman  Catholic  worship  ;  as  well  as 
all  property  destined  to  its  support,  or  to  that  of  schools,  hospitals  or  other  foundations  for 
charitable  or  beneficent  purposes.  A'o  property  of  this  nature  shall  be  considered  as  having 
become  the  property  of  the  American  Government,  or  as  subject  to  be  by  it  disposed  of,  or 
diverted  to  other  causes. 

Finally,  the  relations  and  communications  between  Catholics  living  in  the  territories  afore 
said,  and  their  respective  ecclesiastic  authorities,  shall  be  open,  free  and  exempt  from  all 
hindrance  whatever,  even  although  such  authorities  should  reside  within  the  limits  of  the 
Mexican  republic,  as  defined  by  this  Treaty  ;  and  this  freedom  shall  continue  so  long  as  a 
new  debarcation  of  ecclesiastical  districts  shall  not  have  been  made,  conformably  with  the 
aws  of  the  Roman  Catholic  Church. 

ARTICLE  X. 
(EXPUNGED.^ 

All  grants  of  land  made  by  the  Mexican  Government,  or  by  the  competent  authorities,  in 
Territories  previously  appertaining  to  Mexico,  and  remaining  for  the  future  within  the  limits 
of  the  United  States,  shall  be  respected  as  valid,  to  the  same  extent  that  the  same  grants 
would  be  valid  if  the  Territories  had  remained  within  the  limits  of  Mexico.  But  the  gran 
tees  of  land  in  Texas  put  in  possession  thereof,  who  by  reason  of  the  circumstances  of  the 
country,  since  the  beginning  of  the  troubles  between  Texas  and  the  Mexican  Government, 
may  have  been  prevented  from  fulfilling  all  the  conditions  of  their  grants,  shall  be  under  tbe 
obligation  to  fulfil  the  said  conditions  within  the  periods  limited  in  the  same  respectively,  such 
periods  to  be  now  counted  from  the  date  of  the  exchange  of  ratifications  of  this  Treaty  ;  in 
default  of  which,  said  grants  shall  not  be  obligatory  on  the  State  of  Texas,  in  virtue  of  the  sti 
pulations  contained  in  this  Article. 

The  foregoing  stipulation  in  regard  to  grantees  of  land  in  Texas,  is  extended  to  all  grantees 
of  land  in  the  territories  aforesaid,  elsewhere  than  in  Texas,  put  in  possession  under  such 
grants  ;  and  in  default  of  the  fulfillment  of  the  conditions  of  any  such  grant,  within  the  new  pe* 
riod  which,  as  is  above  stipulated,  begins  with  the  day  of  the  exchange  of  ratifications  of  this 
treaty,  the  same  shall  be  null  and  void. 


124  THE     TREATY. 

The  Mexican  Government  declares  that  no  grant  whatever  of  lands  in  Texas  has  been  made 
since  the  second  day  of  March,  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  thirty-six  ;  and  that  no  grant 
whatever  of  lands  in  any  of  the  territories  aforesaid,  has  been  made  since  the  thirteenth  day 
of  May,  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  forty- six. 

ARTICLE   XI 

Considering  that  a  great  part  of  the  territories  which,  by  the  present  Treaty,  are  to  be  com 
prehended  for  the  future  within  the  limits  of  the  United  States,  is  now  occupied  by  savage 
tribes,  who  will  hereafter  be  under  the  control  of  the  Government  of  the  United  States,  and 
whose  incursions  within  the  territory  of  Mexico  would  be  prejudicial  in  the  extrerue,  it  is  so 
lemnly  agreed  that  all  such  incursions  shall  he  forcibly  restrained  by  the  Government  of  the 
United  States,  whensoever  this  may  be  necessary  ;  and  that  when  they  cannot  be  prevented, 
they  shall  be  punished  by  the  said  Government,  and  satisfaction  tor  the  same  shall  be  exacted 
— all  in  the  same  way,  and  with  equal  diligence  and  energy  aa  if  the  same  incursions  were 
committed  within  its  own  territory,  against  its  own  citizens. 

It  shall  not  be  lawful,  under  any  pretext  whatever,  for  any  inhabitant  of  the  United  States 
to  purchase  or  acquire  any  Mexican,  or  any  foreigner  residing  in  Mexico,  who  may  have 
been  captured  by  Indians  inhabiting  the  territory  of  either  of  the  two  republics,  not  to  pur 
chase  or  acquire  horses,  mules,  cattle,  or  property  of  any  kind,  stolen  within  the  Mexican 
territory,  by  such  Indians  :  nor  to  provide  such  Indians  with  fire-arms  or  ammunition  by  sale 
or  other  wise. 

And  in  the  event  of  any  person  or  persons  captured  within  Mexican  territory  by  Indians,  be 
ing  carried  into  the  territory  of  theUnited  Sates,  the  Government  of  the  latter  en  gage*  and  binds 
itself  in  the  most  solemn  manner,  so  soon  as  it  shall  know  of  such  captives  being  within  its 
territory,  and  shall  be  uble  so  to  do,  through  the  faithful  exercise  of  its  influence  and  power  to 
rescue  them  and  return  them  to  their  country,  or  deliver  them  to  the  agent  or  representative 
of  theMcxican  Government.  The  Mexican  authorities  will,  as  far  as  practicable,  give  to  the 
Government  of  the  United  States  notice  of  such  captures  ;  and  its  expenses  incurred  in  the 
maintenance  and  transmission  of  the  rescued  captives  ;  who,  in  the  mean  time,  shall  be  treat 
ed  with  the  utmost  hospitality  by  the  American  authorities  ftt  the  place  where  they  may  be. 
But  if  the  Government  of  the  United  States,  before  receiving  such  notice  from  Mexico, 
should  obtain  intelligence,  through  any  other  channel,  of  the  existence  of  Mexican  captives 
within  its  territory,  it  will  proceed  forthwith  to  effect  their  release  and  delivery  to  the  Mexican 
agent,  as  above  stipulated. 

For  the  purpose  of  giving  to  these  stipulations  the  fullest  possible  efficacy,  thereby  afford 
ing  the  security  and  redress  demanded  by  their  true  spirit  and  intent,  the  Government  of  the 
United  States  will  now  and  hereafter  pass,  without  unnecessary  delay,  and  always  vigilantly 
enforce,  snch  laws  as  the  nature  of  the  subject  may  require.  And  finally,  the  sacrednessof 
this  obligation  shall  never  be  lost  sight  of  by  the  said  Government,  when  providing  for  the 
removal  of  Indians  from  any  portion  of  said  Territories,  or  for  its  being  settled  by  the  citi 
zens  of  the  United  States  ;  but,  on  the  contrary,  special  care  then  shall  be  taken  not  to  place 
its  Indian  occupants  under  the  necessity  of  seeking  new  homes,  by  committing  those  invasions 
which  theUnited  States  have  solemnly  obliged  themselves  to  restrain. 

ARTICLE    XII. 

In  consideration  of  the  extension  acquired  by  the  boundaries  of  the  United  States,  as  de 
fined  in  the  fifth  article  of  the  present  Treaty,  the  Government  of  the  United  States  engages 
to  pay  to  that  of  the  Mexicun  Republic  the  sum  of  fifteen  millions  of  dollars  in  the  one  or 
the  other  of  the  two  modes  below  specified. 

The  Mexican  Government  shall  at  the  time  of  ratifying  this  treaty,  declare  which  of  these 
two  modes  of  payment  it  prefers;  and  the  mode  so  selected  by  it  shall  be  conformed  to  by 
that  of  the  United  States. 

First  modi}  of  payment — Immediately  after  this  Treaty  shall  have  been  duly  ratified  by  the 
Government  of  the  Mexican  Republic,  the  sum  of  three  millions  of  dollars  shall  be  paid  to  the 
said  Government  by  that  of  the  United  States,  at  the  City  of  Mexico,  in  the  gold  or  silver 
coin  of  Mexico.  For  the  remaining  twelve  millions  of  dollars  the  United  States  shall  create 
a  gtock,  bearing  an  interest  of  six  per  centum  per  annum,  commencing  on  the  day  of  the  rati 
fication  of  this  Treaty  by  the  Government  of  the  Mexican  Republic,  and  payable  annually  ai 
the  City  of  Washington;  the  principal  of  said  stock  to  be  redeemable  there,  at  the  pleasure 
of  the  Government  of  the  United  State?,  at  any  time  after  two  years  from  the  exchange  of 
ratifications  of  this  Treaty;  six  months'  public  notice  of  the  intention  to  redeem  the  same 
being  previously  given.  Certificates  of  such  stock,  in  proper  form  for  such  sums  as  shall  be 
specified  by  the"  Mexican  Government,  shall  be  deliver^n  and  transferable  ny  *^«  said  Govern 
ment  to  the  same  by  that  of  the  United  States, 


THE     TREATY.  125 

Second  mode  of  payment — Immediately  after  this  Treaty  shall  have  been  duly  ratified  by 
the  Government  of  the  Mexican  Kepublie,  the  sum  of  three  millions  of  dollars  shall  be  paid  to 
tlie  said  Government  by  that  of  the  United  Suites,  at  the  City  of  Mexico,  in  the  gold  or  sil 
ver  coin  of  Mexico.  The  remaining  twelve  millions  of  dollars  shall  he  paid  at  the  same  place 
and  in  the  same  coin,  in  annual  instalments  of  three  uillions  of  dollars  each,  together  with  in 
terest  on  the  same,  at  the  rate  of  six  per  centum  per  annum.  This  interest  shall  begin  to  run 
upon  the  whole  sum  of  twelve  millions  from  the  day  of  the  ratification  of  the  present  Treaty  by 
the  Mexican  Government,  and  the  first  of  the  installments  shall  be  paid  at  the  expiration  of  one 
year  from  the  same  day.  Together  with  each  annual  instalment,  as  it  falls  due,  the  whole 
interest  aecnring  on  such  installment  from  the  beginning  shall  also  be  paid. 

[Certificates  in  the  proper  form  for  the  said  instalments,  respectively,  in  sums  as  shall  be 
desired  by  the  Mexican  Government,  and  transferable  by  it,  shall  be  delivered  to  the  said 
Government  by  that  of  the  United  States.] 

[N.  B,  The  first  of  these  modes  is  rejected.  The  latter  is  adopted,  with  the  exception  of 
the  last  paragraph,  in  brackets.] 

ARTICLE  XIII. 

The  United  States  engage,  moreover,  to  assume  and  pay  to  the  claimants  all  the  amounts 
now  due  them,  and  these  hereafter  to  become  due,  by  reason  of  the  claims  already  liquidated 
and  decided  against  the  Mexican  Republic,  under  the  Conventions  between  thy  two  republics 
severally  concluded  on  the  eleventh  day  of  April,  eighteen  hundred  and  thirty-nine,  and  on 
the  thirtieth  day  of  January,  eighteen  hundred  and  forty-three;  so  that  the  Mexican  Kepublie 
shall  be  absolutely  exempt,  for  the  future, , fro  in  all  expense  whatever  ou  account  of  iho  said 
claims. 

ARTICLE  XIV. 

The  United  States  do  farthcrmore  discharge  the  Mexican  Republic  from  all  claims  of  citi- 
sens  of  the  United  States,  not  heretofore  decided  against  the  Mexican  Government,  which 
may  have  arisen  previously  to  the  date  of  the  signature  of  this  Treaty;  which  discharge  shall 
be  final  and  perpetual,  whether  the  said  claims  be  rejected  or  be  allowed  by  the  Board  of 
Commissioners  provided  for  in  the  following  article,  and  whatever  shall  be  the  total  amount 
of  those  allowed, 

ARTICLE  XV. 

The  United  States,  exonerating  Mexico  from  all  demands  on  account  of  the  claims  of  their 
citizens  mentioned  in  the  preceding  article,  and  considering  them  entirely  and  forever  canceled, 
whatever  their  amount  may  be,  undertake  to  make  satisfaction  for  the  same,  to  an  amount  not 
exceeding  three  and  one-quarter  millions  of  dollars.  To  ascertain  the  validity  and  amount 
of  those  claims,  A  Board  of  Commissioners  shall  be  established  by  the  Government  of  the 
United  States,  whoee  awards  shall  be  final  and  conclusive;  provided,  that  in  deciding  upon 
the  validity  of  each  claim,  the  Board  shall  be  guided  and  governed  by  the  principles  and  rules 
of  decision  prescribed  by  the  first  and  fifth  articles  of  the  unratiiied  Convention,  concluded  at 
the  City  of  Mexico  on  the  twentieth  day  of  November,  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  forty- 
three;  and  in  no  case  shail  an  award  be  made  in  favor  of  any  claim  not  embraced  by  these 
principles  and  rules. 

If,  in  the  opinion  of  the  said  Board  of  Commissioners,  or  of  the  claimants,  any  books, 
records  or  documents  in  the  possession  or  power  of  the  Government  of  the  Mexican  Re 
public,  shall  be  deemed  necessary  to  the  just  decision  of  any  claim,  the  Commissioners,  or  the 
claimants  ihrough  them,  shall,  within  such  period  as  Congress  may  designate,  make  an  appli 
cation  in  vriting  for  the  same,  be  assessed  to  the  Mexican  Minister  for  Foreign  Affairs,  to  be 
transmitted  by  the  Secretarv  of  State  of  the  United  States;  and  the  Mexican-  Government 
engages,  at  the  earliest  possible  moment  after  the  receipt  of  such  demand,  to  cause  any  of  the 
books,  records  or  documents  so  specified,  which  shall  be  in  their  possession  or  power  (or  au 
thenticated  copies  or  extracts  of  the  same)  to  be  transmitted  to  the  said  Secretary  of  State, 
who  shall  immediately  deliver  them  over  to  the  said  Board  of  Commissioners:  provided,  that 
no  Buch  application  shall  be  made  by  or  at  the  instance  of  any  claimant,  until  the  facts  which 
it  is  expected  to  prove  by  such  books,  records  or  documents  shall  have  been  stated  under  oath 
or  affirmation, 

ARTICLE  XVI 

Each  of  the  contracting  parties  reserves  to  itself  the  entire  right  to  fortify  whatever  point 
within  its  tetritor  it  may  judge  proper  so  to  fortify  for  its  security. 


l6  THE     TREAT  T. 

ARTICLE    XVII 

The  treaty  of  amity,  commerce,  and  navigation,  concluded  at  the  City  of  Mexico  on  tho 
5th  day  of  April,  A.D.,  1831,  between  the  United  States  of  America  and  the  United  Mexican 
States,  except  the  additional  article,  and  except  so  far  as  the  stipulations  of  the  said  Treaty 
may  not  be  incompatible  with  any  stipulation  contained  in  the  present  Treaty,  is  hereby  re 
vived  for  the  period  of  eight  years  from  the  day  of  the  exchange  of  ratifications  of  this  Trea 
ty,  with  the  same  force  and  virtue  as  if  incorporated  therein;  it  being  understood  that  each  of 
the  contracting  parties  reserves  to  itself  the  right,  at  any  time  after  the  said  period  of  eight 
years  shall  have  expired  to  terminate  the  same  by  giving  one  year's  notice  of  such  inten 
tion  to  the  other  party. 

ARTICLE   XVIII. 

All  supplies  whatever  of  troops  of  the  United  States  in  Mexico,  arriving  at  ports  in  the  oc 
cupation  of  such  troops  previous  to  the  final  evacuation  thereof,  although  subsequently  to  the 
restoration  of  the  Custom-Houses  at  such  ports,  shall  be  entirely  exempt  from  duties  and 
charges  of  any  kind;  the  Government  of  the  United  States  hereby  engaging  and  pledging  its 
faith  to  establish,  and  vigilantly  to  enforce  all  possible  guards  for  securing  the  revinue  of  Mexi 
co,  by  preventing  the  importation,  uuder  cover  of  this  stipulation,  of  any  articles  other  than 
such,  both  in  kind  and  in  quality,  as  shall  really  "be  wanted  for  the  use  and  consumption  of  the 
forces  of  the  United  States  during  the  time  they  may  remain  in  Mexico.  To  this  end  it 
ehall  be  the  duty  of  all  officers  and  agents  of  the  United  States  to.  denounce  to  the  Mexican 
authorities  at  the  respective  ports  any  attempts  at  a  fraudulent  abuse  of  this  stipulation 
which  they  may  know  of  or  may  have  reason  to  suspect,  and  to  give  to  such  authorities  all 
the  aid  in  their  power  with  regard  thereto;  and  every  such  attempt,  when  duly  proved  and 
established  by  sentence  of  a  competent  tribunal,  shall  be  punished  by  the  confiscation  of  the 
propertv  so  attempted  to  be  fraudulently  introduced. 

ARTICLE  XIX. 

With  respect  to  all  merchandise,  effects  and  property  whatsoever,  imported  into  ports  of 
Mexico  while  in  the  occupation  of  the  forces  of  the  United  Stages,  whether  by  citizens  of  either 
republic,  or  by  citizens  or  subjects  of  any  neutral  nation,  the  following  rules  shall  be  observed: 

1.  All  such  merchandise,  effects,  and  property,  if  imported  previously  to  the  restoration  of 
the  custom-houses  to  the  Mexican  authorities,  as  stipulated  for  in  the  third  article  of  this 
treaty,  shall  be  exempt  from  confiscaion,  although  the  importation  of  the  same  be  prohibited 
by  the  Mexican  Tariff. 

2.  The  same  perfect  exemption  shall  be  enjoyed  by  all  such  merchandise,  effects  and  pro 
perty,  imported  subsequently  to  the  rsstoration  of  the  Custom-Houses,  and  previously  to  the 
sixty  days  fixed  in  the  following  article  for  the  coming  into  force  of  the  Mexican  Tariff,  nt 
such  ports  respectively;  the  said  merchandise,  effects,  and  property,  being  however,  at  iho 
time  of  their  importation,  subject  to  the  payment  of  duties,  as  provided  for  in  the  said  follow 
ing  article. 

3.  All  merchandise,  effects,  and  property  described  in  the  two  rules  foregoing,  shall,  during 
their  continuance  at  the  place  of  importation,  or  upon  their  leaving  such  place  for  the  inte 
rior,  be  exempt  from  all  duty,  tax  or  impost  of  every  kind,  under  whatsoever  title  or  deno 
mination.     Nor  shall  they  be  there  subject  to  any  charge  whatsoever  upon  the  sale  thereof. 

4.  All  merchandise,  effects,  and  property,  described  in  the  first  and  second  rules,  which 
shall  have  been  removed  to  any  place  in  the  interior  while  such  place  was  in  the  occupation  of 
the  forces  of  the  United  States,  shall,  during  their  continuance  therein,  be  exempt  from  all 
tax  upon  the  sale  of  consumption  thereof,  and  from  every  kind  of  impost  or  contribution,  un 
der  whatsoever  title  or  denomination. 

5.  But  if  any  merchandise,  effects,  or  property,  described  in  the  first  and  second  rules  shall 
be  removed  to  any  place  not  occupied  at  the  time  by  the  forces  of  the  United  States,  they  shall, 
npon  their  introduction  into  such  place,  or  upon  their  sale  or  consumption  there,  be  subject 
to  the  same  duties  which,  under  the  Mexican   laws,  they  would   be  required  to  pay  in  such 
cases  if  they  had  been  imported  in  time  of  peace,  through  the  maritime  custom-houses,   and 
and  had  there  paid  the  duties  conformably  with  the  Mexican  Tariff. 

6.  The  owners  of  all  merchandise,  effects  or  property  described  in  the  first  and  second  rule* 
and  existing  in  any  port  of  Mexico,  shall  have  the  right  to  reship  the  same,  exempt  from  all 
tax,  impost,  or  contribution  whatever. 

With  respect  to  the  metals,  or  other  property,  exported  from  any  Mexican  port  while  in  the 
occupation  of  the  forces  of  the  United  States,  and  previously  to  the  restoration  of  the  Custom 
House  at  such  port,  no  person  shall  be  required  by  the  Mexican  authorities,  whether  general 
or  State,  to  pay  any  tax,  duty,  or  contribution  upon  any  such  exportation,  or  in  uny  manner 
to  account  for  the  s#mc  to  the  said  authorities. 


THE     TREATY.  ]  *>•* 

ARTICLE   XX. 

Through  consideration  for  the  interests  of  commerce  generally,  it  is  agreed  that  if  less  than 
sixty  days  should  elapse  between  the  date  of  the  signature  of  this  Treaty  arid  the  restoru- 
tion  of  the  custom-houses,  conformably  with  a  stipulation  in  the  third  Article,  in  such 
case,  all  merchandise,  effects,  and  property  whatsoever,  arriving  at  the  Mexican  ports  nfrer 
the  restoration  of  ihesaid  custom-houses,  and  previously  to  the  expiration  of  sixty  clays  after 
'he  signature  of  this  Treaty-,  shall  be  admitted  to  entry;  and  no  other  duties  shall  l>c  levied 
ihereon  than  the  duties  established  by  the  Tariff  found  in  force  at  such  custom- houses  at  the 
,ime  of  the  restoration  of  the  same.  And  to  all  such  merchandise,  effects  and  property,  the 
rules  established  in  the  preceding  Article  shall  apply. 

ARTICLE   XXI. 

If,  unhappily,  any  disagreement  should  hereafter  fuise  between  the  Governments  of  the 
two  Republics,  whethar  with  respect  to  the  interpretation  of  any  .stipulation  In  this  treaty  or 
with  respect  to  any  other  particular  concerning  the  political  or  commercial  relations  of  the 
two  nations,  the  said  Governments,  in  the  name  of  those  nations,  do  promise  to  each  other 
that  they  will  endeavot,  in  the  most  sincere  and  earnest  manner,  to  settle  the  difference  so 
arising,  "and  to  preserve  the  state  of  peace  and  friendship  in  which  the  two  countries  are  now 
placing  themselves;  using,  for  this  end,  mutual  representations  and  pacific  negotiations. 
And,  if,  by  these  means,  they  should  not  be  enabled  to  come  to  an  agreement,  a  resort  shall 
not,  on  this  account,  be  had  in  reprisals,  aggressions,  or  hostility  of  any  kind  by  the  one  Re 
public  against  the  other,  until  the  Government  of  that  which  deems  itself  aggrieved  shall  have 
maturely  considered,  in  the  spirit  of  peace  and  good  neighborship,  whether  it  would  not  be 
bettor  that  such  difference  should  be  settled  by  the  arbitration  of  Commissioners  appointed 
on  each  side,  or  by  that  of  a  friendly  nation.  And  should  such  course  be  proposed  by  either 
party,  it  shall  be  acceded  to  by  the  other,  unless  deemed  by  it  altogether  incompatible  with 
the  nature  of  the^ifference,  or  the  circumstances  of  the  case. 

ARTICLE   XXII. 

[f,  (which  is  not  to  be  expected,  and  which  God  forbid  !)  war  shall  unhappily  break  out 
between  the  two  Republics,  they  do  now,  with  a  view  to  such  calamity,  pledge  themselves  to 
each  other  and  to  the  world,  to  observe  the  following  rules,  absolutely,  where  the  nature  of  the 
subject  permits,  and  as  closely  as  possible  in  all  cases  where  such  absolute  observance  shall 
be  impossible. 

1.  The  merchants  of  either  Republic  then  residing  in  the  other  shall  be  allowed  to  remain 
twelve  months,  (for  those  dwelling  in  the  interior,)  and  six  months  (for  those  dwelling 
at  the  seaports,)  to  collect  their  debts  and  settle  their  affairs  ;  during  which  periods,  they 
shall  enjoy  the  same  protection,  and  be  on  the  same  footing,  in  all  respects,  as  the  citizens  or 
subjects  of  the  most  friendly  nations  ;  and,  at  the  expiration  thereof,  or  at  any  time  before, 
they  shall  have  full  liberty  to  depart,  carrying  off  all  their  effects  without  molestation  or 
hindrance  ;  conforming  therein  to  the  same  laws  which  the  citizens-  or  subjects  of  the  most 
friendly  nations  are  required  to  conform  to.     Upon  the  entrance  of  the  armies  of  either  na* 
tion  into  the  territories  of  the  other,  women  and  children,  ecclesiastics,  scholars  of  every  facul 
ty,  cultivators  of  the  earth,  merchants,  artisans,  manufacturers,  and  fishermen,  unarmed,  and 
inhabiting  unfortitie»l  towns,  villages  or  places,  and  in  general  all  persons  whose  occupations 
are  for  the  common  subsistence  and  benefit  of  mankind,  shall  be  allowed  to  continue  their 
respective  employments  unmolested  in  their  persons.     Nor  shall  their  houses  or  goods  be 
burnt  or  otherwise  destroyed,  nor  their  cattle  Lakcn,  nor  their  fields  wasted,  by  the  armed  force 
into  whose  power,  by  the  events  of  war,  they   may   happen-  to  fall  ;  but  if  the  necessity 
jirise  to  t:ike  anything  from  them  for  the  use  of  such  armed  force,  the  same  shall  be  paid  for 
at  an  equitable  price.     All  «-hurches,  hospitals,  schools,  colleges,  libraries,  ana  other  establish 
ments,  for  charitable  an. I  beneficent  purposes,  shall  be  respected,  and  all  persons  connected 
with  the  same  protected  in  the  discharge  of  their  duties,  and  the  pursuits  of  their  vocations. 

2.  In  onl'-r  that  the  fate  of  prisoners  of  war  mny  be  alleviated,  nil  such  practices  as  those 
of  sending  them  into  distant,  incliment.,  or  unwholesome  districts,  or  crowding  them  into  clostt 
arul  noxious  places,  shall  be  studiously  avoided.  They  shall  not  be  confined  in  dungeons,prison- 
ships  or  prisons  ;  nor  be  put  in  irons,  or  bound,  or  otherwise  restrained  in  the  use  of  their 
limbs.     The  officers  shall  enjoy  liberty  on  their  paroles,  within  convenient  districts,  and  have 
comfortable  quarters  ;  and  the  common  soldiers  snail  be  disposed  in  cantonments,  open  and 
extensive  enough  for  air  and  exercise,  and  lodged  in  barracks  as  roomy  and  good  as  are  pro 
vided  by  the  party  in  whose  power  they  are  for  its  own  troops.     But  if  any  officer  shall  break 
his  parole  by  leaving  the  district  so  assigned  him,  or  any  other  prisoner  shall  escape  from  the 
limits  of  his  cantonment,  after  they  shall  have  been  designated  to  him,  such  individual,  officer 


128  THE     T  RE  ATT. 

or  other  prisoner  shall  forfeit  s-o  much  of  the  henefit  of  this  article  as  provides  for  his  liberty 
on  parole  or  in  cantonment.  And  if  an  officer  so  breaking  his  parole,  or  any  common  soldiei 
so  escaping  from  the  limits  assigned  him,  shall  afterward  be  found  in  arms,  previously  to  hu 
being  regularly  exchanged,  the  person  so  offending  shall  DC  dealt  with  according  to  the  estab 
lished  laws  of  war.  The  officers  shah  be  daily  furnished  by  the  party  in  whose  power  thej 
i»,re,  with  as  many  rations,  and  of  the  fame  articles,  as  are  allowed,  ether  in  kind  or  by  coma- 
tation,  to  officers  of  equal  rank  in  its  own  army  ;  and  all  others  shall  be  daily  furnished  with 
such  ration  as  is  allowed  to  a  common  soldier  in  its  own  service  ;  the  value  of  all  which  sup« 
plies  shall,  at  the  close  of  the  war,  or  at  periods  to  be  agreed  upon  between  the  respective  com 
manders,  be  paid  by  the  other  party,  on  a  mutual  adjustment  of  accounts  for  the  subsistence 
of  prisoners  ;  and  snch  accounts  shall  not  be  mingled  with  or  set  off  against  any  others,  noi 
the  balance  due  on  them  withheld,  as  a  compensation  or  reprisal  for  any  cause  whatever, 
real  or  pretended.  Each  party  shall  be  allowed' to  keep  a  commissary  of  prisoners,  appointed 
by  itself,  with  every  cantonment  of  prisoners,  in  possession  of  the  other  ;  which  commissary 
shall  soothe  prisoners  as  often  as  he  pleases  ;  shall  be  allowed  to  receive,  exempt  from  all  du 
ties  or  taxes,  and  to  distribute,  whatever  comforts  muy  be  sent  to  them  by  their  friend*  ; 
and  shall  be  free  to  transmit  his  reports  in  open  letters  to  the  party  by  whom  he  is  employed, 
And  it  is  declared  that  nether  the  pretence  that  war  dissolves  all  Treaties,-  nor  any  othei 
whatever  shall  be  considered  as  annuling  of  suspending  the  solenm  covenant  contained  in 
this  article.  On  the  contrary,  the  state  of  war  is  precisely  that  for  which  it  is  provided  ;  anc, 
during  which,  its  stipulations  are  to  be  as  sacredly  observed  as  the  most  acknowledged  obli 
gations  under  the  law  of  nature  or  Natiions. 

ARTICLE    XXIII. 

This  treaty  shall  be  ratified  by  the  President  of  the  United  States  of  America,  by  and  with 
the  advice  and' consent  of  the  Senate  thereof ;  and  by  the  President  of  the  Mexican  Republic 
with  the  previous  approbation  of  its  General  Congress  ;  and  the  ratifications  shall  be  exchang 
ed  in  the  city  of  Washington,  in  four  months  from  the  date  of  the  signature  hereof,  or  soonca 
if  practable. 

In  faith  whereof,  we,  the  respective  Plenipotentiaries,  have  signed  this  Treaty  of  Peace, 
friendship,  limits,  and  settlement  ;  and  have  hereunto  affixed  our  seals  respectively.  Done 
in  Quints  plicate,  at  the  City  of  Guadalupe  Hidalgo,  on  the  second  day  of  February,  in  tin 
year  of  our  Lord  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  forty- eight. 

N.  P.  TRIST,  [L.  g.J 

LUIS  G.  CtTEVAS,  [L.  s.] 
BERNARDO  CONTO,  [L.  s.1 
MIG.  ATRISTAIN,  [L.  s.J 


ADDITIONAL  AND  SECRET  ARTICLE  of  the  Treaty  of  Peace  Friendship,  Limits,  and 
Settlement  between  the  United  Slates  of  America  end  the  Mexican  Republic 
signed  this  day  by  their  respective  Plenipotentiaries.     (Expunged.) 
In  view  of  the  possibility  that  the  exchange  of  the  ratifications  of  this  Treaty  may,  by  the 
circumstances  in  which  the  Mexican  Republic  is  placed,  be  delayed  longer  than  the  term  of 
four  months  fixed  by  its  twenty-third  article  for  the  exchange  of  ratifications  of  the  same,  it 
is  hereby  agreed  that  such  delay  shall  not,  in  any  manner,  affect  the  force  and  validity  of  (hLs 
Treaty,  unless  it  should  exceed  the  term  of  eight  months,  counted  from  the  date  of  the  signa 
ture  thereof 

This  article  is  to  have  the  san>e  force  and  virtue  as  if  inserted  in  the  treaty  to  which  thia 
is  an  addition. 

In  faith  whereof,  we,  the  respective  Plenipotentiaries,  have  signed  this  additional  and  secret 
anicle,  and  have  hereunio  affixed  our  seals,  respectively.  Done  in  quintuplieate  at  the  City 
of  Guadalupe  Hidalgo,  on  the  second  day  of  February,  in  the  year  of  our  Lord  one  thousand 
eight  hundred  and  forty-eight. 


K  P.  TRIST, 
LUIS  G.  CUEVAS. 
BERNARDO  CONTO, 
MIG.  ATRISTAIN, 


L.  S. 

L,  0. 

I 

L.  a. 

• 

L*  •. 


